Multimedia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Multimedia - Essay Example These differences are highlighted below: (i) Face-to-face traditional class: In the physical class, the nursing instructor is the main visible authority, and he or she may use a chalk board, white board, overhead projector and an/or handouts to let the students understand his or her lessons (McKeachie, 2010; Billings and Halstead, 2008). In recent years, advanced technologies have increased the number of teaching tools utilized in the traditional nursing classes—these include but are limited to the use of video clips, demonstrative videos, powerpoint presentations and ELMO (Electricity Light Machine Organization), which is a document camera. Initially, researches have shown that face-to-face learning has become redundant, passive and uninteresting to the students. The use of these multimedia will surely bring some spark and energy into the lessons in as much as the nursing instructors have been duly trained about how to use them (Billings and Halstead, 2008). More importantly, the instructors must be able to elicit some active responses from their students while using the teaching multimedia. If not, it would appear that the nursing instructor was only entertaining the students with modern technologies and not passing across the right messages (McKeachie, 2010). (ii) Virtual Class: One of the beauties of modern technology is that it allows people to study online irrespective of their present location; so far there is an Internet connection (Jairath and Mills, 2006). Some of the useful tools employed in online nursing education include but not restricted to computers, video clips, text (both on-screen and short-messaging), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications that allow students to hold one-on-one conversation with their peers and tutors, activity-based tools like simulated interactive discourses, hypermedia software that can elaborate more on themes of studies, skill labs and Internet

A Review Of Related Literature On A Time On Task Rewards System And A Research Paper

A Review Of Related Literature On A Time On Task Rewards System And A Summary Of The Methodology Used In Experimentation - Research Paper Example According to cdc.gov, as much as 8% of children between the ages of 3-17 are suffering from Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD. This makes this disorder a very real occurrence in our communities, and specially our schools. This makes almost one out of every 12 children affected by this issue. Although this is normally not life threatening, it does have serious effects on a child’s life. Some people also think that this disorder does not exist and that it is just some simple thing such as the child's will to do a task, but according to nytimes.com, as well as the individual they interviewed, Dr. Barkley, the disorder is quite real. According to nih.gov, symptoms of this disorder include irritability, forgetfulness, easily distracted from a task, difficulty with focusing on a certain tasks, hyperactivity, restlessness and others. These are the kinds of symptoms that are often mistaken for other issues such as the child's lack of discipline, lack of will to concentr ate, dislike of the task at hand and others. These symptoms also have a huge effect on a child's education. Due to these symptoms, at least 1 out of every 12 children have a problem concentrating while in school, or while doing their home works or seat works. Due to these issues, these children will have a hard time keeping up with lessons and have a hard time learning new topics. Because of these effects on the child's learning, we can now consider this disorder as a learning disability. Our subject, who we will name â€Å"Angelina† is affected by this disorder and is historically known to have difficulty in concentrating, and focusing on certain tasks, especially when it comes to reading comprehension. This paper's goal is to look at related literature regarding her disorder, define certain aspects of the disorder, and attempt a simple experiment with a discipline style known as the rewards system, to try and see if this style of discipline will have any effect or will show any improvement in Angelina's lack of focus and concentration. This paper will attempt to discuss these topics in sections, namely: Review of related literature Definition of â€Å"learning disorder† Learning characteristics associated with learning disorder Reading challenges of learning disorder, & its effects Strategies to use when dealing with children with learning disabilities Conclusion Methodology Intro paragraph Participant Setting Design Inter-rater reliability Description of the procedure – chronological summary of the major events in your study Baseline Intervention Return to baseline Data collection procedures Social validation Concluding paragraph Results Discussion Definition of â€Å"learning disorder† As previously mentioned, ADHD can have a considerable effect on a child’s learning because it affects the persons ability to learn and review things, but can we consider ADHD as a learning disorder? We must define exactly what a learning di sorder is. According to brighthub.com, ADHD and a learning disorder are 2 different kinds of disorders. It goes on to explain that â€Å"ADHD effects learning in almost thirty per cent of the cases.† The different of the 2 disorders is explained in a very simple yet effective way in the article. It describes that although ADHD is able to have an effect on learning, it is a medical condition. It affects â€Å"all cognitive functions.† While a learning disability only affects the child or person while learning or trying to understand new information. A simple analogy that was also used in the article is that while a learning disorder will prevent the proper functioning of a few brain functions related to learning, ADHD softens functionality of all brain functions. Also, learning disorders only take effect while trying to do certain cognitive functions. According to Sheila L. Videbeck in her book â€Å"Psychiatric mental health nursing, Third edition†

Psychological and Social Factors

Psychological and Social Factors Discuss the psychological and social factors that influence people adoption of healthy or unhealthy lifestyles Evidence from various researches has shown that major causes of death are from individual behaviour. Health behaviour with regards to alcohol consumption, smoking, type of diet and exercise plays an important role when projecting the life span of an individual. Hence behaviour and lifestyle have a significant correlation to good health and longevity (Naidoo Will 2008). Individual have the free will to choose whether or not to adopt a healthy lifestyle. An individual lifestyle reflects their values and beliefs, though it is a combination of habits and conventional ways of doing things (Knok 2006). There are several factors affecting the choice of healthy or unhealthy lifestyle by an individual. This essay will focus on alcohol abuse which is one of the various unhealthy lifestyles that people adopts. In order to gain in-depth knowledge of the factors that affect and contribute to the unhealthy behaviour of alcohol abuse; this essay would identify contents such as social learning theory, health belief model, genetic theories, cognitive and behavioural theories, social economic status, culture, effect of media and some examples from real life. A healthy lifestyle is an element of choice and behaviour that is aimed at preventing disease and enhancing health and well- being (Ogden 2000). Beliefs and values has been highlighted by Tones and Tilford (2001); Tones and Green (2004) as major influence that affects the practice of a healthy lifestyle. The health belief model, health locus of control and the theory of reasoned action are some of the theories that seeks to explain individual behaviour that affects their health. It has been suggested that preventive health behaviour by perceived susceptibility, perceive severity and perceived beliefs and barriers (For example a cousin of mine by name Mr B was driven to stop drinking alcohol.. When my uncle (his father) who has been a heavy drinker of this stuff, suddenly became seriously sick and within a short period time he died. He was diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver. The cause of the death of my uncle has played a role in the behaviour change of my cousin (Mr B). He has the perception of the risk and seriousness of the illness. This means that he felt susceptible to the illness. However individuals have beliefs related to both their health and illness. This beliefs influence their behaviour which in turn have impact on how healthy they are. Hence Leventhal et al 1980, 1997 clearly defined illness belief as patient own implicit common sense belief about illness. The kind of lifestyle an individual chooses is determined by the beliefs and attitudes. According to Jennie Naidoo and Jane Wills 2008, theory of planned behaviour consisted of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. If for example an individual believed that cutting down on drinking would make life more productive (attitude) and believed that people that are important in his/her life wanted him/her to stop (subjective norm ) and on evaluation of internal and external control factor (behaviour control) this would predict him/her a high intention to stop. This concept relates to what happened to mine cousin (Mr B) having evaluated the consequences and influence of the family, he decided to stop. he theories of planned behaviour in psychology as suggested by Rise et al 2002 relates to belief which strongly affects behaviour and therefore make the belief a subjective probability that a specific behaviour will generate an outcome. Individuals that adopt unhealthy behaviour drinking alcohol has been classified as either binge or a steady drinking (Carlson 2004).The evidence suggests that binge drinking has a both an environmental and a genetic component. Ciccocioppo and Hyytia 2006, Goldman et al 2005, Kreeket al 2001 was of the opinion that some people are born alcoholic. They strongly believed that these people are genetic tendency to alcoholism. Even though a person may have a genetic tendency to alcoholism, the general influence of environment over genes has to be taken into consideration. Pavlov (1949) in social learning theory reflects learning by modelling and associating behaviour. It is pertinent to note that this may involve classical conditioning (internal and external cues) reinforced positively or negatively conditioning and observational learning (Walker 2004) Children learn lots of habits from parents, relations and peers. This may result in them coping in their behaviour through observational learning. For instance sons of steady drinkers have a seven times greater risk of being a steady drinker themselves than sons of non-drinkers. Daughters of steady drinkers often show somatization disorder, where they complain frequently about illness even in non-existence of provable illness problems (Carlson 2004). Studies have revealed that alcohol abuse is a form of drug dependence. It has been stated that more than a quarter of adults aged 16-24 in England are drinking more than the recommended limits which could harm their health. It was also implied that 8.2 million adults need some form of intervention (Drummond et al 2004). It has been highlighted that 27% of men are drinking more than 21 units a week and 17% of women are drinking more than 14units a week in the United Kingdom (Office of National Statistics General Household Survey 2003). Excessive alcohol use can damage body organs for example cirrhosis of the liver and violent tantrums which sometimes lead to suicide. It is also widely acknowledged that alcohol misuse and abuse has a great impact on health and social well-being (Miller and Rollnick 2002). The question then arises, why do people engage in such unhealthy behaviour? It has been noted that parents are more important at early stage but individual may therefore be unrealistically optimism if they focus on the times when they drink in moderation when assessing their own risk and ignore the times when they do not. In addition focussing on the times when others around them drink to excess and ignoring the times when they are more sensible. Hence Weinstein (1984) emphasised that individuals focus more on overlooking their own risk -increasing behaviour and concentrating mainly upon their risk reducing behaviour. People hold beliefs about their own vulnerability to a given problem and make judgements concerning the extent to which they are at risk. They believed that they were less likely than others to get the health problem (Weinstein 1987 ) In view of this therefore unrealistic optimism determines unhealthy lifestyles of alcohol users who under estimate the risks of having oral cancer (Dillard Mccaul Kleen 2006) Health psychology relates to health and behaviour and the fact that human being has a complex system and unique in nature made illness as a multitude of interacting factors such as biological, behaviours, beliefs and social interactions. (Engel 1997 1980 ) However locus of control in health psychology determines the extent to which people have control over event that have impact in their lives. Some people suppose that their actions and what happens to them is up to them and consider events as personally controllable. These individual strongly belief that the events of outcomes are their own behaviour and is regarded as internal locus of control. While some people believe that outcomes of events are largely not controlled by them but lies in the hand of fate (Wallston and Wallston 1982, Hudson 2001) From all inactions people with high internal control are likely to live a healthier life style in contrast to the external locus control since they would be looking for rationale behind t he events that leads to the behaviour Sociology health and illness concept which relates to socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture and media have important role in determining the lifestyle of individual. There are constraints embedded in people lives that may be dormant factor in the decision to practice a healthy lifestyle and these constraints may in fact leave people with little or no choice in exposing themselves to unhealthy conditions (British Journal 2006). Social class does impact in health and illness. There is a great correlation between the level of profession and mortality: through the correlation between the level of profession and morality, it is hinted that the higher up the social level the longer the life expectancy (Mark 2005, Scnitter 2004) emphasised those in the lower social class have a poorer health status than those in higher social classes. Individual in diverse social classes frequently have different nutritional styles, leisure time activities and manners towards health (Townsend et al, 1988,1992 cited by British Journal 2006). People in the lower social class often adopt more dangerous and health damaging behaviour. They prefer not to eat well, prefer to smoke more cigarettes and prefer to drink more (Devinder Rana and Dominic Upton 2009). People choice this unhealthy behaviour because they found it as the only way know to them, that work for them and available for them to get through difficult situations and proble ms. An example is my cousin Mr B who is a 45 years African British man who was brought to live in Britain at the age of 10 years due to the father migration to work in the United Kingdom. Mr B often truanted from school and began binge drinking from the age of 12-13 years old. He went out of the school at the age of 14 years without any certificate. And went out of the parent house and followed his peers who also abuse drugs (cannabis) and alcohol. The extended family effort in modelling his life and not to follow his father footsteps proved abortive as he never sleeps at home nor take their advice. At the age of 17 years, he got job as a warehouse clerk but could not hold the job more than six months because he always use the money on alcohol to the extent that he could not afford his house rents and bills. He started living on benefit and had council flat. As he had been addicted to alcohol he could not even use the benefit for food. He uses it on alcohol. He became having malnutr ition due to lack of good dietary intake. At the age of 35 years he was diagnosed with oral cancer. The role of family and social networks in shaping and sustaining life style in child development can not be over-emphasised. In view of this family, peer group, school has a great influence on an individual lifestyle (Ochieng 2003) In most cases people like my cousin Mr B realised their failure in life and then indulged in drinking in order to cover their weaknesses and believe that the use of alcohol as a means to get through their shortcomings and situations.(Devinder Rana Dominic Upton 2009). From sociological perspective different ethnic groups have different health status. The term ethnic groups covers a large number of individuals (Rassol 2006) cited by DEvinder Rana Dominic Upton. It is important to note that ethnic groupings include beliefs, tradition, languages and moral values. In addition factors such as lifestyles, custom or marriage, religion also influence these ethnic groupings. For example white lrish men (58%) and women (37%) were likely than other ethnic group to drink in excess of government lines followed by Black Caribbean (27%) men and (17%) of women while the least is the Pakistani Bangladesh and Chinese groupsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  (Devinder Raha Dominic 2009. From this indication the mode of consumption of alcohol by these different ethnic groups would have great impact on their health status (Sangster et al cited by Devinder Raha Dominic). Ethnic group with high level of alcohol of consumption would be more prone to cancer and other rela ted diseases than ethnic with less consumption. (Adam-Campbell 2001) In essence white Irish consumed more alcohol than other EU countries (Goodman Lovejoy Sherratt 2007 It has also been argued by sociologists and psychologists that environment in which people live due to social status have great impacts on their behaviour. For example if individual found himself/herself in a volatile, unhealthy environment where people living in such area mostly indulge in alcohol use as lifestyle then there is the tendency that the individual would join the bandwagon in order to integrate into the community. On the other hand if the community is more engaged in physical lively lifestyle in order to deal with stress, boredom and problem then the individual would live a lifestyle that would project the image of the community.(Joens-Matre et al 2008) Individuals have the right to choose whether or not to adopt a healthy lifestyle and therefore media plays a vital role in determining the choices. In essence therefore media affects behaviour and greatly accounts for structuring or shaping lifestyles (Bells Hollows 2005). Generally the motive of mass media is to shape the common sense, cultural ideas and the interpretation of the world (Russell and Edgar 1988 cited by Jennis Naidoo and Jane Wills 2008). The social impact of media is to effect fundamental behavioural changes among a large section of the population and this effectively done in television broadcasting which has a massive influence on the viewers. In conclusion alcohol is a drug that contributes to an estimated 40000 deaths per year with significant cost to the NHS (Taylor 2006). Undoubtedly there would be a continuous rise in the trend in alcohol consumption due to the relaxing of licensing laws related to public house opening hours. This RED signal or unhealthy behaviour of the people should be a great concern to the government and now Government should see people as ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“first concern not the monetary aspect. Recently a call has been made by health practitioners that Government should ban advertisement of alcohol through sports and musical sponsorship. Policy should now be centred on how to provide vital information on health and accessibility of healthcare to all in respective of the social class, ethnic, or disadvantaged people. People adopt a good lifestyle based on information available. (Great Britain 2000) emphasised and encouraged people to take up physical exercise in order to have a healthy lifestyle. A lifestyle can either be positively or negatively reinforced by source of information on positive lifestyle, family and social network. By and large the writer is of the view that whatever the attractions, appeals or social norms attached to alcohol, it is a drug that has psychological and sociological effect on lives of the people in particular and society in general. It is a stimulant and then a depressant that affects the reasoning and judgement of individual. To cap it all it is a mood changing and therefore leads to violence and poor health. REFERENCES 1) Adams-Campbell, L.L (2001), Diet, Genetic Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer in African-American.Ft. Belvoir, Defence Technical Information Centre 2) Bell, D Hollows, J (2005). Ordinary lifestyles: Popular media, consumption and taste. Maiden, England, Open University Press. 3) Carlson N R (2004) Physiology of Behaviour 8th edn. Allyn and Bacon, Boston 4) Ciccocioppo, R Hyytia P (2006) The genetic of alcoholism, learning from 50 years of research, Addictions Biology 11 (3-4) 193-194 cited by D Rana D Upton 5) Dillard A.J Mccaul K D Klein W M (2006) Unrealistic optimism and self protective motivation. Journal of Health Communication 11, 93- 102 6) Drummond C, Oyeso A Philips T (2004). Department of Health Alcohol Needs Assessment Research Project (ANAPR) Stationery Office London 7) Goodman J, Lovejoy, P E Sherrant A (2007). Consuming habits: global and historical perspectives on how cultures define drugs. London, Rouledge 8) Great Britain, 2000. Encourage Walking: advice to local authorities, Integrated transport. London 9) Joens-Matre, Welk G J, Calabro M A, Rusell D W, Nicklaye E, Hansley L D (2008). Rural-urban differences in physical activity, physical fitness and overweight prevalence of children. The journal of Rural Health: Official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health care Association. 24, 49-54 10)Kwok, I 2006). Healthy lifestyle, Liberal studies in life. Hong Kong. Manhattan Press 11)Leventhal, H Cleary P. D (1980): A review of the research and theory in behavioural risk modification. Psychological Bulletin. 88, 370-405 12) Mark, D. F (2005) Health Psychology Theory, Research and Practice, Sage Publications 13)McCambridge J, Strang J (2004). The efficacy of single session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug related risk and harm among young people, Addiction, Practice Nursing 2008 vol. 19, 287-291 14)Miller W.R, Rollnick S (2002) Motivational Interviewing: preparing people to change. Addictive Behaviour, Guilford Press, London 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York 15)Naidoo, J Wills, J (2008) An introduction Health Studies 2nd edn. Pulished by Palgrave Macmillian, Houndmills Basingstoke Hampshire New York 16)Ochieng B. M. N 92003) Minority ethnic families and family-centred care. Journal of child Health; 123-32 17)Office for National Statistics (2004) Living in Britain Results from 2002 General Household Survey. British journal of nursing 2006 vol. 15, 1217-19. The Stationery office, London 18)Ogden, J (2000) Health Psychology, Buckingham. Open University Press 19)Rana, D Upton D (2009) Psychology for nurses, 1st published. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex England 20)Rassol, G. H (2006) Substance abuse in black and minority ethnic communities in the United Kingdom. Journal of Addiction Nursing 17, 59-3 as cited by D Rana D Upton 21)RiseJ, Kovac V Kraft P, Moan I. S (2008) Predicting the intention to quit smoking and behaviour; British journal of health psychology 13, 291-310 22)Russell A Edgar L R (1998) Research and Practice in the anthropology of welfare,. The anthropology of welfare. London. Routledge cited by J Naidoo J Wills (2008) 23)Sangster, D Shiner, M Patel K Sheikh N (2001).Deliveries Drug Services to Black and minority ethnic communities, DPASS 16 London cited by D Rana D Upton 2009-09-10 24)Schnitter J (2004) Education and the changing shape of the income gradient in health. Journal of health and social behaviour, 45 (3) 286-305 cited by D Rana D Upton 2009-09-10 25)Taylor B (2006) Implementation and clinical audit of alcohol detoxification guidelines. British journal 15 (1) :30-7 26)Tones K. Green J (2004) Health Promotion:Planning and Strategies, Sage London 27)Tones K Tilford S (2001) Health Promotion: Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity. Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham 28)Townsend P Davidson N, Whitehead M, (1988) Inequalities in Health. British journal of community nursing vol.11 78-81 (2006). Penguin London 29)Wallston K.A Wallston B.S (1982), Hudson (2001) cited by Naidoo J Wills J (2008) 30)Walker, J, Payne, S, Smith P, Jarret N (2004) Psychology for nurses and the caring professions 2nd edn. London Open university Press 31) Weinstein N (1987) cited by Naidoo J Wills (2008)

Electromagnetic Induction :: science

Electromagnetic Induction The phenomenon called electromagnetic induction was first noticed and investigated by Michael Faraday, in 1831. Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor as a result of a changing magnetic field about the conductor and is a very important concept. Faraday discovered that, whenever the magnetic field about an electromagnet was made to grow and collapse by closing and opening the electric circuit of which it was a part, an electric current could be detected in a separate conductor nearby. Faraday also investigated the possibility that a current could be produced by a magnetic field being placed near a coiled wire. Just placing the magnet near the wire could not produce a current. Faraday discovered that a current could be produced in this situation only if the magnet had some velocity. The magnet could be moved in either a positive or negative direction but had to be in motion to produce any current in the wire. The current in the coil i s called an induced current, because the current is brought about (or â€Å"induced†) by a changing magnetic field (Cutnell and Johnson 705). The induced current is sustained by an emf. Since a source of emf is always needed to produce a current, the coil itself behaves as if it were a source of emf. The emf is known as an induced emf. Thus, a changing magnetic field induces an emf in the coil, and the emf leads to an induced current (705). He also found that moving a conductor near a stationary permanent magnet caused a current to flow in the wire as long as it was moving as in the magnet and coiled wire set-up. Faraday visualized a magnetic field as composed of many lines of induction, along which a small magnetic compass would point. The aggregate of the lines intersecting a given area is called the magnetic flux. Faraday attributed the electrical effects to a changing magnetic flux. The necessity of motion to produce a current is due to the fact that electromagnetic induction involves a time-varying magnetic field. The same effects can be produced by moving the coil toward and away from a motionless magnetic source. In either case, the key to producing the current is certainly the motion of the magnet or the wire. The magnetic lines of the magnetic field must pass through a loop of the coiled wire.

TLMT Quiz

The design stage provides the greatest opportunity to reduce costs the life cycle costs of products. Supply management and the firm's suppliers have major contributions to make during this process. Question 4 of 16 After realizing true costs in the production stage, the design stage provides the second greatest opportunity to reduce costs the life cycle costs of products. Question 5 of 16 A SMS firm views its quality system and the supplier's quality system as two parts of a single integrated system. Question 6 of 16 A SMS firm views its quality system and the supplier's quality system as two separate yester.Question 7 of 16 Supply management personnel often function as facilitators, coordinators, contract administrators, and consultants in procurement of equipment. Question 8 of 16 Among the reasons that firms utilize leases are: they would like to purchase the equipment at a later time and the firm wants freedom and flexibility. Question 9 of 16 The four formats for statements of w ork given in the textbook are: performance, functional, design and level-of-effort. Question 10 of 16 Supply management frequently must assume a less active role in services recurrent than when purchasing materials.Question 11 of 16 Which of the following is not one of the typical questions to ask prior to inviting a supplier into the design process as presented in the book? A. Will the supplier be able to provide price concessions B. Will the supplier be able to meet our cost, quality, and product performance requirements? C. Does the supplier possess the required engineering capability? D. Will the supplier be able to meet our development and production needs? E. Does it have the necessary physical process and quality capabilities required? Answer Key: AQuestion 12 of 16 Which of the following is not associated with the development phase of the design process? A. Development of prototypes B. Design reviews C. QualifIcation testing D. Failure analysis E. Value analysis Answer Key: E Question 13 of 16 following activities except one in the list. Which activity does not fit? A. Make or Buy and Outsourcing Analysis B. Select Components, Technologies, and Supplies C. Stress Testing D. Marketing Analysis E. Failure Analysis Answer Key: D Question 14 of 16 Which of the following is not a generalization about value? A.Value can be defined s the lowest end cost at which the function can be accomplished at the time and place and with the quality required B. Value is determined objectively and subjectively by design engineers C. Some items/services/processes which cost less than a similar item/service/process may accomplish the function in a superior or equal manner D. Value cannot be determined exclusively by an examination of the item/service/process being evaluated E. The value of any service, material, or product is established by the minimum cost of the other alternatives that will perform the same functionAnswer Key: B Question 15 of 16 Which of the following is not true of Six Sigma? A. Six Sigma is a broad and comprehensive system for building and sustaining business performance, success, and leadership B. The key focus is on processes C. Measurement of both processes and products is critical to Six Sigma success D. Six Sigma calls for zero defects E. Statistical six sigma goal is near-perfection, 3. 4 defects per million opportunities (DEMO) Question 16 of 16 A. Design B. Measure C. Analyze D. Lampooner E. Control http://biology-forums. Com/index. PH? Topic=92464. O

Is fashion important?

Deposit agreement 0 When you opened your account, you received a deposit agreement and fee schedule and agreed that your account would be governed by the arms of these documents, as we may amend them from time to time. These documents are part of the contract for your deposit account and govern all transactions relating to your account, including all deposits and withdrawals. Copies of both the deposit agreement and fee schedule which contain the current version of the terms and conditions of your account relationship may be obtained at our banking centers.Electronic transfers: In case of errors or questions about your electronic transfers 0 If you think your statement or receipt is wrong or you need more information about an electronic transfer (e. . , ATM transactions, direct deposits or withdrawals, point-of-sale transactions) on the statement or receipt, telephone or write us at the address and number listed on the front of this statement as soon as you can.We must hear from you no later than 60 days after we sent you the FIRST statement on which the error or problem appeared. Tell us your name and account number. Describe the error or transfer you are unsure about, and explain as clearly as you can why you believe there is an error or why you need more information. Tell us the dollar amount of the suspected error. For consumer accounts used primarily for personal, family or household purposes, we will investigate your complaint and will correct any error promptly.If we take more than 10 business days (10 calendar days if you are a Massachusetts customer) (20 business days if you are a new customer, for electronic transfers occurring during the first 30 days after the first deposit is made to your account) to do this, we will credit your account for the amount you think is in error, so that you will have use of the money during the time it will take to complete our investigation. For other accounts, we investigate, and if we find we have made an error, we c redit your account at the conclusion of our investigation.Reporting other problems 0 You must examine your statement carefully and promptly. You are in the best position to discover errors and unauthorized transactions on your account. If you fail to notify us in writing of suspected problems or an unauthorized transaction within the time period specified in the deposit agreement (which periods are no more than 60 days after we make the statement available to you and in some cases are 30 days or less), we are not liable to you for, ND you agree to not make a claim against us for the problems or unauthorized transactions. Is fashion important? Deposit agreement 0 When you opened your account, you received a deposit agreement and fee schedule and agreed that your account would be governed by the arms of these documents, as we may amend them from time to time. These documents are part of the contract for your deposit account and govern all transactions relating to your account, including all deposits and withdrawals. Copies of both the deposit agreement and fee schedule which contain the current version of the terms and conditions of your account relationship may be obtained at our banking centers.Electronic transfers: In case of errors or questions about your electronic transfers 0 If you think your statement or receipt is wrong or you need more information about an electronic transfer (e. . , ATM transactions, direct deposits or withdrawals, point-of-sale transactions) on the statement or receipt, telephone or write us at the address and number listed on the front of this statement as soon as you can.We must hear from you no later than 60 days after we sent you the FIRST statement on which the error or problem appeared. Tell us your name and account number. Describe the error or transfer you are unsure about, and explain as clearly as you can why you believe there is an error or why you need more information. Tell us the dollar amount of the suspected error. For consumer accounts used primarily for personal, family or household purposes, we will investigate your complaint and will correct any error promptly.If we take more than 10 business days (10 calendar days if you are a Massachusetts customer) (20 business days if you are a new customer, for electronic transfers occurring during the first 30 days after the first deposit is made to your account) to do this, we will credit your account for the amount you think is in error, so that you will have use of the money during the time it will take to complete our investigation. For other accounts, we investigate, and if we find we have made an error, we c redit your account at the conclusion of our investigation.Reporting other problems 0 You must examine your statement carefully and promptly. You are in the best position to discover errors and unauthorized transactions on your account. If you fail to notify us in writing of suspected problems or an unauthorized transaction within the time period specified in the deposit agreement (which periods are no more than 60 days after we make the statement available to you and in some cases are 30 days or less), we are not liable to you for, ND you agree to not make a claim against us for the problems or unauthorized transactions. Is fashion important? Deposit agreement 0 When you opened your account, you received a deposit agreement and fee schedule and agreed that your account would be governed by the arms of these documents, as we may amend them from time to time. These documents are part of the contract for your deposit account and govern all transactions relating to your account, including all deposits and withdrawals. Copies of both the deposit agreement and fee schedule which contain the current version of the terms and conditions of your account relationship may be obtained at our banking centers.Electronic transfers: In case of errors or questions about your electronic transfers 0 If you think your statement or receipt is wrong or you need more information about an electronic transfer (e. . , ATM transactions, direct deposits or withdrawals, point-of-sale transactions) on the statement or receipt, telephone or write us at the address and number listed on the front of this statement as soon as you can.We must hear from you no later than 60 days after we sent you the FIRST statement on which the error or problem appeared. Tell us your name and account number. Describe the error or transfer you are unsure about, and explain as clearly as you can why you believe there is an error or why you need more information. Tell us the dollar amount of the suspected error. For consumer accounts used primarily for personal, family or household purposes, we will investigate your complaint and will correct any error promptly.If we take more than 10 business days (10 calendar days if you are a Massachusetts customer) (20 business days if you are a new customer, for electronic transfers occurring during the first 30 days after the first deposit is made to your account) to do this, we will credit your account for the amount you think is in error, so that you will have use of the money during the time it will take to complete our investigation. For other accounts, we investigate, and if we find we have made an error, we c redit your account at the conclusion of our investigation.Reporting other problems 0 You must examine your statement carefully and promptly. You are in the best position to discover errors and unauthorized transactions on your account. 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Project Appraisal to Working Capital Essay Example

Project Appraisal to Working Capital Essay Example Project Appraisal to Working Capital Essay Project Appraisal to Working Capital Essay GOI came out with a new textile policy that outlines the direction of policy reforms to be followed in near term. The steps outlined in the policy are geared mainly towards removing the bias in policy towards the small scale sectors and promoting modernization. Technical Feasibility Location and site The site chosen for the cotton spinning unit is in Gujarat which has many advantages such as ? Project located in well developed industrial area where land availability and conversion of land and getting necessary approval is easy. ?Low labor cost ?Easy availability of skilled and semi skilled labor ?Favorable industrial environment ?One of the new textile hub in India ?Peaceful labor environment ?All infrastructural facilities such as roads, natural gas for power plant and effluent discharge facility with water. Technology and Manufacturing process The company has initiated the process of setting up world class integrated textile plant in order to make it one of the leading textile companies in the country. The adoption of new and latest technology will transform their manufacturing process into an efficient mode. NC textiles proposes to set up a spinning unit with a capacity of 52224 spindles, fully automated with almost non touch manufacturing process, automation would also reduce the number of workmen resulting in non dependence on workmen. The report explains the entire manufacturing process in detail and how the production would be carried out. Availability of raw materials Cotton: The main raw material for the plant is cotton which is easily available in Indian markets at reasonable prices. Fuel: Company has made provisions to establish captive power plants of matching requirements. The supply line of gas is already available. Power: The power demand for the spinning unit has been estimated to be about 4 MW. The power requirements will be met by installing a 4 MW gas based captive power plant by the company itself. Firefighting: Appropriate equipment and gadgets such as carbon dioxide and dry powder extinguishers are considered. Plant lighting: The entire plant area, work shed will be provisioned with adequate luminous lighting as per laid down industry standards. Further, all internal transport routes and general working areas are provided with adequate lighting. Pollution control measures The provision of water treatment plant and effluent treatment plant of matching capacities has been made to recover and recycle the water and minimize the water requirement. Financials Project cost and Means of Finance The total cost of the project is estimated to be 211 crores which will be financed through DER of 2. 2. The company proposes to bring in additional capital from its existing operations amounting to 60 crores which becomes the part of promoter’s contribution. The table below gives the project cost and means of finance: ParticularsCotton spinning unit at Gujarat (Rs lacs) Location XYZ Capacity 52224 spindles Cost of project Land 500 Building 2050 Plant and machinery13978 Misc. fixed assets2207 Total 18 735 Preliminary expenses375 Interest during construction1281 Contingency expenses335 Margin money for working capital380 Total 2410 Grand total21100 Means of finance Internal sources6000 Term loan15100 Grand total21100 From the above table, it can be concluded that the cost of the project has been estimated to be around 21100 lacs which the company is planning to finance through debt of Rs 15100 lacs and equity of Rs 6000 lacs. The DER for the project comes to around 2. 52. Overall comments on plant and machinery The cost of entire plant and machinery is estimated at 13978 lacs inclusive of freight, insurance, and taxes including custom duty. The suppliers for most of the equipments have already been finalized after suitable negotiations. The comparative analysis related to the cost of plant and equipment has found to be comparable with other projects of similar capacity. Finally, the proposed plant, machinery and equipments are suitable for the envisaged production capacity and incorporate the well established and proven technology. Breakeven analysis As per the estimates, the company is to achieve breakeven point at the sales of Rs 7137 lacs at the capacity utilization of 90% in the year 2014. This is illustrated in the following table (Rs in lacs) Capacity 90 % (2014)Variable (%)Fixed (%)Variable costsFixed costs Sales (A)10499 Expenses Raw materials3929100%3929 Power and fuel713100%713 Wages 35080%20%28070 Factory overheads24280%20%19349 Adm. Expenses20880%20%16642 Interest 1794100%1794 Depreciation 1592100%1592 Total 88275281 (B)3547 Contribution (A- B)5218 Breakeven (sales)7137 Break even (capacity)67. 98% DSCR calculation DSCR helps to understand the debt servicing capability of the company. Generally, higher the ratio, greater is the ability of the company to pay its debt. The project of cotton spinning unit will start its commercial operations in 2013 and start generating revenue. The profit that will be generated will first be used to pay off its debts in the form of installments and interest. This ratio forms a crucial part from banker’s point of view as it helps the bank to know the financial status of the company in near future. The profits generated in future are calculated based on certain assumptions which are the used to calculate DSCR (Rs in Lacs). Year ending 31 march20132014 EBITDA46955058 PAT549947 Depreciation18291829 Deferred tax liability189182 Interest19071657 Total44744616 Interest19071657 Installment18881888 Total37943544 DSCR1. 181. 30 ISCR2. 52. 79 The above table shows two ratios DSCR (debt service coverage ratio) which seems to be reasonable and it can be said that the company will be able to service its debt without any difficulty. ISCR (interest service coverage ratio) tells the ability of the company to pay the interest on debt on time. The above values of this ratio seem to be satisfactory without causing any problem to the com pany. Normally, the above ratios are calculated for the entire period of debt (period for which the debt service is availed) and the average of these ratios is considered for bank’s purpose. Management The project is being promoted by one of the largest companies in the country, NC textiles. The promoters have long experience of setting up of new textile projects, running and operating plants with complete range of textile fabrics, backed by well qualified team of professional and management personnel. The management has a good track record of execution of projects of similar costs and has serviced its debts timely. The vast experience of the management personnel is the major strength of the company which makes it eligible for sanctioning of loan. The company has planned expansion with the best technology and machinery from suppliers of good reputation to become competitive in international market. The company is also known for maintaining good industrial relations and has a very good reputation in the domestic market. Economic The project has also been considered useful for the society as a whole. The project would be creating a large number of employment opportunities for the locals thus providing self sufficiency and financial support to the workers. This distribution of income would ultimately lead to increase in saving and the standard of living for the people. Finally, the project aims to develop textiles of world class quality that will be able to give stiff competition to international brands and thus leading to the growth of Indian economy. The above section explains the appraisal system followed at PNB. This appraisal is carried out by the technical cell of the bank and it is based on this report that the viability of the project is determined. The techno-economic viability of the project is of major concern for the bank and forms an important step in decision making. The appraisal system at PNB is very crucial for sanctioning of financing facility and with the help of it, the bank gets to know in depth detail of the company and the project being undertaken. CREDIT RISK RATING What is Credit Risk? The risk that the borrower might fail to meet the obligations towards the bank in accordance with the agreed terms and conditions is called credit risk. It measures the inability or unwillingness of the borrower to pay its debt. Identification of credit risk forms the crucial part of risk management and is very important for the bank. It helps the bank in determining the potential defaulters and abstain the bank from providing financing facility to such borrowers or in case they provide, than provide them at a higher r