Multimedia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Multimedia - Essay Example These differences are highlighted below: (i) Face-to-face traditional class: In the physical class, the nursing instructor is the main visible authority, and he or she may use a chalk board, white board, overhead projector and an/or handouts to let the students understand his or her lessons (McKeachie, 2010; Billings and Halstead, 2008). In recent years, advanced technologies have increased the number of teaching tools utilized in the traditional nursing classes—these include but are limited to the use of video clips, demonstrative videos, powerpoint presentations and ELMO (Electricity Light Machine Organization), which is a document camera. Initially, researches have shown that face-to-face learning has become redundant, passive and uninteresting to the students. The use of these multimedia will surely bring some spark and energy into the lessons in as much as the nursing instructors have been duly trained about how to use them (Billings and Halstead, 2008). More importantly, the instructors must be able to elicit some active responses from their students while using the teaching multimedia. If not, it would appear that the nursing instructor was only entertaining the students with modern technologies and not passing across the right messages (McKeachie, 2010). (ii) Virtual Class: One of the beauties of modern technology is that it allows people to study online irrespective of their present location; so far there is an Internet connection (Jairath and Mills, 2006). Some of the useful tools employed in online nursing education include but not restricted to computers, video clips, text (both on-screen and short-messaging), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications that allow students to hold one-on-one conversation with their peers and tutors, activity-based tools like simulated interactive discourses, hypermedia software that can elaborate more on themes of studies, skill labs and Internet

A Review Of Related Literature On A Time On Task Rewards System And A Research Paper

A Review Of Related Literature On A Time On Task Rewards System And A Summary Of The Methodology Used In Experimentation - Research Paper Example According to cdc.gov, as much as 8% of children between the ages of 3-17 are suffering from Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD. This makes this disorder a very real occurrence in our communities, and specially our schools. This makes almost one out of every 12 children affected by this issue. Although this is normally not life threatening, it does have serious effects on a child’s life. Some people also think that this disorder does not exist and that it is just some simple thing such as the child's will to do a task, but according to nytimes.com, as well as the individual they interviewed, Dr. Barkley, the disorder is quite real. According to nih.gov, symptoms of this disorder include irritability, forgetfulness, easily distracted from a task, difficulty with focusing on a certain tasks, hyperactivity, restlessness and others. These are the kinds of symptoms that are often mistaken for other issues such as the child's lack of discipline, lack of will to concentr ate, dislike of the task at hand and others. These symptoms also have a huge effect on a child's education. Due to these symptoms, at least 1 out of every 12 children have a problem concentrating while in school, or while doing their home works or seat works. Due to these issues, these children will have a hard time keeping up with lessons and have a hard time learning new topics. Because of these effects on the child's learning, we can now consider this disorder as a learning disability. Our subject, who we will name â€Å"Angelina† is affected by this disorder and is historically known to have difficulty in concentrating, and focusing on certain tasks, especially when it comes to reading comprehension. This paper's goal is to look at related literature regarding her disorder, define certain aspects of the disorder, and attempt a simple experiment with a discipline style known as the rewards system, to try and see if this style of discipline will have any effect or will show any improvement in Angelina's lack of focus and concentration. This paper will attempt to discuss these topics in sections, namely: Review of related literature Definition of â€Å"learning disorder† Learning characteristics associated with learning disorder Reading challenges of learning disorder, & its effects Strategies to use when dealing with children with learning disabilities Conclusion Methodology Intro paragraph Participant Setting Design Inter-rater reliability Description of the procedure – chronological summary of the major events in your study Baseline Intervention Return to baseline Data collection procedures Social validation Concluding paragraph Results Discussion Definition of â€Å"learning disorder† As previously mentioned, ADHD can have a considerable effect on a child’s learning because it affects the persons ability to learn and review things, but can we consider ADHD as a learning disorder? We must define exactly what a learning di sorder is. According to brighthub.com, ADHD and a learning disorder are 2 different kinds of disorders. It goes on to explain that â€Å"ADHD effects learning in almost thirty per cent of the cases.† The different of the 2 disorders is explained in a very simple yet effective way in the article. It describes that although ADHD is able to have an effect on learning, it is a medical condition. It affects â€Å"all cognitive functions.† While a learning disability only affects the child or person while learning or trying to understand new information. A simple analogy that was also used in the article is that while a learning disorder will prevent the proper functioning of a few brain functions related to learning, ADHD softens functionality of all brain functions. Also, learning disorders only take effect while trying to do certain cognitive functions. According to Sheila L. Videbeck in her book â€Å"Psychiatric mental health nursing, Third edition†

Psychological and Social Factors

Psychological and Social Factors Discuss the psychological and social factors that influence people adoption of healthy or unhealthy lifestyles Evidence from various researches has shown that major causes of death are from individual behaviour. Health behaviour with regards to alcohol consumption, smoking, type of diet and exercise plays an important role when projecting the life span of an individual. Hence behaviour and lifestyle have a significant correlation to good health and longevity (Naidoo Will 2008). Individual have the free will to choose whether or not to adopt a healthy lifestyle. An individual lifestyle reflects their values and beliefs, though it is a combination of habits and conventional ways of doing things (Knok 2006). There are several factors affecting the choice of healthy or unhealthy lifestyle by an individual. This essay will focus on alcohol abuse which is one of the various unhealthy lifestyles that people adopts. In order to gain in-depth knowledge of the factors that affect and contribute to the unhealthy behaviour of alcohol abuse; this essay would identify contents such as social learning theory, health belief model, genetic theories, cognitive and behavioural theories, social economic status, culture, effect of media and some examples from real life. A healthy lifestyle is an element of choice and behaviour that is aimed at preventing disease and enhancing health and well- being (Ogden 2000). Beliefs and values has been highlighted by Tones and Tilford (2001); Tones and Green (2004) as major influence that affects the practice of a healthy lifestyle. The health belief model, health locus of control and the theory of reasoned action are some of the theories that seeks to explain individual behaviour that affects their health. It has been suggested that preventive health behaviour by perceived susceptibility, perceive severity and perceived beliefs and barriers (For example a cousin of mine by name Mr B was driven to stop drinking alcohol.. When my uncle (his father) who has been a heavy drinker of this stuff, suddenly became seriously sick and within a short period time he died. He was diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver. The cause of the death of my uncle has played a role in the behaviour change of my cousin (Mr B). He has the perception of the risk and seriousness of the illness. This means that he felt susceptible to the illness. However individuals have beliefs related to both their health and illness. This beliefs influence their behaviour which in turn have impact on how healthy they are. Hence Leventhal et al 1980, 1997 clearly defined illness belief as patient own implicit common sense belief about illness. The kind of lifestyle an individual chooses is determined by the beliefs and attitudes. According to Jennie Naidoo and Jane Wills 2008, theory of planned behaviour consisted of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. If for example an individual believed that cutting down on drinking would make life more productive (attitude) and believed that people that are important in his/her life wanted him/her to stop (subjective norm ) and on evaluation of internal and external control factor (behaviour control) this would predict him/her a high intention to stop. This concept relates to what happened to mine cousin (Mr B) having evaluated the consequences and influence of the family, he decided to stop. he theories of planned behaviour in psychology as suggested by Rise et al 2002 relates to belief which strongly affects behaviour and therefore make the belief a subjective probability that a specific behaviour will generate an outcome. Individuals that adopt unhealthy behaviour drinking alcohol has been classified as either binge or a steady drinking (Carlson 2004).The evidence suggests that binge drinking has a both an environmental and a genetic component. Ciccocioppo and Hyytia 2006, Goldman et al 2005, Kreeket al 2001 was of the opinion that some people are born alcoholic. They strongly believed that these people are genetic tendency to alcoholism. Even though a person may have a genetic tendency to alcoholism, the general influence of environment over genes has to be taken into consideration. Pavlov (1949) in social learning theory reflects learning by modelling and associating behaviour. It is pertinent to note that this may involve classical conditioning (internal and external cues) reinforced positively or negatively conditioning and observational learning (Walker 2004) Children learn lots of habits from parents, relations and peers. This may result in them coping in their behaviour through observational learning. For instance sons of steady drinkers have a seven times greater risk of being a steady drinker themselves than sons of non-drinkers. Daughters of steady drinkers often show somatization disorder, where they complain frequently about illness even in non-existence of provable illness problems (Carlson 2004). Studies have revealed that alcohol abuse is a form of drug dependence. It has been stated that more than a quarter of adults aged 16-24 in England are drinking more than the recommended limits which could harm their health. It was also implied that 8.2 million adults need some form of intervention (Drummond et al 2004). It has been highlighted that 27% of men are drinking more than 21 units a week and 17% of women are drinking more than 14units a week in the United Kingdom (Office of National Statistics General Household Survey 2003). Excessive alcohol use can damage body organs for example cirrhosis of the liver and violent tantrums which sometimes lead to suicide. It is also widely acknowledged that alcohol misuse and abuse has a great impact on health and social well-being (Miller and Rollnick 2002). The question then arises, why do people engage in such unhealthy behaviour? It has been noted that parents are more important at early stage but individual may therefore be unrealistically optimism if they focus on the times when they drink in moderation when assessing their own risk and ignore the times when they do not. In addition focussing on the times when others around them drink to excess and ignoring the times when they are more sensible. Hence Weinstein (1984) emphasised that individuals focus more on overlooking their own risk -increasing behaviour and concentrating mainly upon their risk reducing behaviour. People hold beliefs about their own vulnerability to a given problem and make judgements concerning the extent to which they are at risk. They believed that they were less likely than others to get the health problem (Weinstein 1987 ) In view of this therefore unrealistic optimism determines unhealthy lifestyles of alcohol users who under estimate the risks of having oral cancer (Dillard Mccaul Kleen 2006) Health psychology relates to health and behaviour and the fact that human being has a complex system and unique in nature made illness as a multitude of interacting factors such as biological, behaviours, beliefs and social interactions. (Engel 1997 1980 ) However locus of control in health psychology determines the extent to which people have control over event that have impact in their lives. Some people suppose that their actions and what happens to them is up to them and consider events as personally controllable. These individual strongly belief that the events of outcomes are their own behaviour and is regarded as internal locus of control. While some people believe that outcomes of events are largely not controlled by them but lies in the hand of fate (Wallston and Wallston 1982, Hudson 2001) From all inactions people with high internal control are likely to live a healthier life style in contrast to the external locus control since they would be looking for rationale behind t he events that leads to the behaviour Sociology health and illness concept which relates to socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture and media have important role in determining the lifestyle of individual. There are constraints embedded in people lives that may be dormant factor in the decision to practice a healthy lifestyle and these constraints may in fact leave people with little or no choice in exposing themselves to unhealthy conditions (British Journal 2006). Social class does impact in health and illness. There is a great correlation between the level of profession and mortality: through the correlation between the level of profession and morality, it is hinted that the higher up the social level the longer the life expectancy (Mark 2005, Scnitter 2004) emphasised those in the lower social class have a poorer health status than those in higher social classes. Individual in diverse social classes frequently have different nutritional styles, leisure time activities and manners towards health (Townsend et al, 1988,1992 cited by British Journal 2006). People in the lower social class often adopt more dangerous and health damaging behaviour. They prefer not to eat well, prefer to smoke more cigarettes and prefer to drink more (Devinder Rana and Dominic Upton 2009). People choice this unhealthy behaviour because they found it as the only way know to them, that work for them and available for them to get through difficult situations and proble ms. An example is my cousin Mr B who is a 45 years African British man who was brought to live in Britain at the age of 10 years due to the father migration to work in the United Kingdom. Mr B often truanted from school and began binge drinking from the age of 12-13 years old. He went out of the school at the age of 14 years without any certificate. And went out of the parent house and followed his peers who also abuse drugs (cannabis) and alcohol. The extended family effort in modelling his life and not to follow his father footsteps proved abortive as he never sleeps at home nor take their advice. At the age of 17 years, he got job as a warehouse clerk but could not hold the job more than six months because he always use the money on alcohol to the extent that he could not afford his house rents and bills. He started living on benefit and had council flat. As he had been addicted to alcohol he could not even use the benefit for food. He uses it on alcohol. He became having malnutr ition due to lack of good dietary intake. At the age of 35 years he was diagnosed with oral cancer. The role of family and social networks in shaping and sustaining life style in child development can not be over-emphasised. In view of this family, peer group, school has a great influence on an individual lifestyle (Ochieng 2003) In most cases people like my cousin Mr B realised their failure in life and then indulged in drinking in order to cover their weaknesses and believe that the use of alcohol as a means to get through their shortcomings and situations.(Devinder Rana Dominic Upton 2009). From sociological perspective different ethnic groups have different health status. The term ethnic groups covers a large number of individuals (Rassol 2006) cited by DEvinder Rana Dominic Upton. It is important to note that ethnic groupings include beliefs, tradition, languages and moral values. In addition factors such as lifestyles, custom or marriage, religion also influence these ethnic groupings. For example white lrish men (58%) and women (37%) were likely than other ethnic group to drink in excess of government lines followed by Black Caribbean (27%) men and (17%) of women while the least is the Pakistani Bangladesh and Chinese groupsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  (Devinder Raha Dominic 2009. From this indication the mode of consumption of alcohol by these different ethnic groups would have great impact on their health status (Sangster et al cited by Devinder Raha Dominic). Ethnic group with high level of alcohol of consumption would be more prone to cancer and other rela ted diseases than ethnic with less consumption. (Adam-Campbell 2001) In essence white Irish consumed more alcohol than other EU countries (Goodman Lovejoy Sherratt 2007 It has also been argued by sociologists and psychologists that environment in which people live due to social status have great impacts on their behaviour. For example if individual found himself/herself in a volatile, unhealthy environment where people living in such area mostly indulge in alcohol use as lifestyle then there is the tendency that the individual would join the bandwagon in order to integrate into the community. On the other hand if the community is more engaged in physical lively lifestyle in order to deal with stress, boredom and problem then the individual would live a lifestyle that would project the image of the community.(Joens-Matre et al 2008) Individuals have the right to choose whether or not to adopt a healthy lifestyle and therefore media plays a vital role in determining the choices. In essence therefore media affects behaviour and greatly accounts for structuring or shaping lifestyles (Bells Hollows 2005). Generally the motive of mass media is to shape the common sense, cultural ideas and the interpretation of the world (Russell and Edgar 1988 cited by Jennis Naidoo and Jane Wills 2008). The social impact of media is to effect fundamental behavioural changes among a large section of the population and this effectively done in television broadcasting which has a massive influence on the viewers. In conclusion alcohol is a drug that contributes to an estimated 40000 deaths per year with significant cost to the NHS (Taylor 2006). Undoubtedly there would be a continuous rise in the trend in alcohol consumption due to the relaxing of licensing laws related to public house opening hours. This RED signal or unhealthy behaviour of the people should be a great concern to the government and now Government should see people as ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“first concern not the monetary aspect. Recently a call has been made by health practitioners that Government should ban advertisement of alcohol through sports and musical sponsorship. Policy should now be centred on how to provide vital information on health and accessibility of healthcare to all in respective of the social class, ethnic, or disadvantaged people. People adopt a good lifestyle based on information available. (Great Britain 2000) emphasised and encouraged people to take up physical exercise in order to have a healthy lifestyle. A lifestyle can either be positively or negatively reinforced by source of information on positive lifestyle, family and social network. By and large the writer is of the view that whatever the attractions, appeals or social norms attached to alcohol, it is a drug that has psychological and sociological effect on lives of the people in particular and society in general. It is a stimulant and then a depressant that affects the reasoning and judgement of individual. To cap it all it is a mood changing and therefore leads to violence and poor health. REFERENCES 1) Adams-Campbell, L.L (2001), Diet, Genetic Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer in African-American.Ft. Belvoir, Defence Technical Information Centre 2) Bell, D Hollows, J (2005). Ordinary lifestyles: Popular media, consumption and taste. Maiden, England, Open University Press. 3) Carlson N R (2004) Physiology of Behaviour 8th edn. Allyn and Bacon, Boston 4) Ciccocioppo, R Hyytia P (2006) The genetic of alcoholism, learning from 50 years of research, Addictions Biology 11 (3-4) 193-194 cited by D Rana D Upton 5) Dillard A.J Mccaul K D Klein W M (2006) Unrealistic optimism and self protective motivation. Journal of Health Communication 11, 93- 102 6) Drummond C, Oyeso A Philips T (2004). Department of Health Alcohol Needs Assessment Research Project (ANAPR) Stationery Office London 7) Goodman J, Lovejoy, P E Sherrant A (2007). Consuming habits: global and historical perspectives on how cultures define drugs. London, Rouledge 8) Great Britain, 2000. Encourage Walking: advice to local authorities, Integrated transport. London 9) Joens-Matre, Welk G J, Calabro M A, Rusell D W, Nicklaye E, Hansley L D (2008). Rural-urban differences in physical activity, physical fitness and overweight prevalence of children. The journal of Rural Health: Official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health care Association. 24, 49-54 10)Kwok, I 2006). Healthy lifestyle, Liberal studies in life. Hong Kong. Manhattan Press 11)Leventhal, H Cleary P. D (1980): A review of the research and theory in behavioural risk modification. Psychological Bulletin. 88, 370-405 12) Mark, D. F (2005) Health Psychology Theory, Research and Practice, Sage Publications 13)McCambridge J, Strang J (2004). The efficacy of single session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug related risk and harm among young people, Addiction, Practice Nursing 2008 vol. 19, 287-291 14)Miller W.R, Rollnick S (2002) Motivational Interviewing: preparing people to change. Addictive Behaviour, Guilford Press, London 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York 15)Naidoo, J Wills, J (2008) An introduction Health Studies 2nd edn. Pulished by Palgrave Macmillian, Houndmills Basingstoke Hampshire New York 16)Ochieng B. M. N 92003) Minority ethnic families and family-centred care. Journal of child Health; 123-32 17)Office for National Statistics (2004) Living in Britain Results from 2002 General Household Survey. British journal of nursing 2006 vol. 15, 1217-19. The Stationery office, London 18)Ogden, J (2000) Health Psychology, Buckingham. Open University Press 19)Rana, D Upton D (2009) Psychology for nurses, 1st published. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex England 20)Rassol, G. H (2006) Substance abuse in black and minority ethnic communities in the United Kingdom. Journal of Addiction Nursing 17, 59-3 as cited by D Rana D Upton 21)RiseJ, Kovac V Kraft P, Moan I. S (2008) Predicting the intention to quit smoking and behaviour; British journal of health psychology 13, 291-310 22)Russell A Edgar L R (1998) Research and Practice in the anthropology of welfare,. The anthropology of welfare. London. Routledge cited by J Naidoo J Wills (2008) 23)Sangster, D Shiner, M Patel K Sheikh N (2001).Deliveries Drug Services to Black and minority ethnic communities, DPASS 16 London cited by D Rana D Upton 2009-09-10 24)Schnitter J (2004) Education and the changing shape of the income gradient in health. Journal of health and social behaviour, 45 (3) 286-305 cited by D Rana D Upton 2009-09-10 25)Taylor B (2006) Implementation and clinical audit of alcohol detoxification guidelines. British journal 15 (1) :30-7 26)Tones K. Green J (2004) Health Promotion:Planning and Strategies, Sage London 27)Tones K Tilford S (2001) Health Promotion: Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity. Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham 28)Townsend P Davidson N, Whitehead M, (1988) Inequalities in Health. British journal of community nursing vol.11 78-81 (2006). Penguin London 29)Wallston K.A Wallston B.S (1982), Hudson (2001) cited by Naidoo J Wills J (2008) 30)Walker, J, Payne, S, Smith P, Jarret N (2004) Psychology for nurses and the caring professions 2nd edn. London Open university Press 31) Weinstein N (1987) cited by Naidoo J Wills (2008)

Electromagnetic Induction :: science

Electromagnetic Induction The phenomenon called electromagnetic induction was first noticed and investigated by Michael Faraday, in 1831. Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor as a result of a changing magnetic field about the conductor and is a very important concept. Faraday discovered that, whenever the magnetic field about an electromagnet was made to grow and collapse by closing and opening the electric circuit of which it was a part, an electric current could be detected in a separate conductor nearby. Faraday also investigated the possibility that a current could be produced by a magnetic field being placed near a coiled wire. Just placing the magnet near the wire could not produce a current. Faraday discovered that a current could be produced in this situation only if the magnet had some velocity. The magnet could be moved in either a positive or negative direction but had to be in motion to produce any current in the wire. The current in the coil i s called an induced current, because the current is brought about (or â€Å"induced†) by a changing magnetic field (Cutnell and Johnson 705). The induced current is sustained by an emf. Since a source of emf is always needed to produce a current, the coil itself behaves as if it were a source of emf. The emf is known as an induced emf. Thus, a changing magnetic field induces an emf in the coil, and the emf leads to an induced current (705). He also found that moving a conductor near a stationary permanent magnet caused a current to flow in the wire as long as it was moving as in the magnet and coiled wire set-up. Faraday visualized a magnetic field as composed of many lines of induction, along which a small magnetic compass would point. The aggregate of the lines intersecting a given area is called the magnetic flux. Faraday attributed the electrical effects to a changing magnetic flux. The necessity of motion to produce a current is due to the fact that electromagnetic induction involves a time-varying magnetic field. The same effects can be produced by moving the coil toward and away from a motionless magnetic source. In either case, the key to producing the current is certainly the motion of the magnet or the wire. The magnetic lines of the magnetic field must pass through a loop of the coiled wire.

TLMT Quiz

The design stage provides the greatest opportunity to reduce costs the life cycle costs of products. Supply management and the firm's suppliers have major contributions to make during this process. Question 4 of 16 After realizing true costs in the production stage, the design stage provides the second greatest opportunity to reduce costs the life cycle costs of products. Question 5 of 16 A SMS firm views its quality system and the supplier's quality system as two parts of a single integrated system. Question 6 of 16 A SMS firm views its quality system and the supplier's quality system as two separate yester.Question 7 of 16 Supply management personnel often function as facilitators, coordinators, contract administrators, and consultants in procurement of equipment. Question 8 of 16 Among the reasons that firms utilize leases are: they would like to purchase the equipment at a later time and the firm wants freedom and flexibility. Question 9 of 16 The four formats for statements of w ork given in the textbook are: performance, functional, design and level-of-effort. Question 10 of 16 Supply management frequently must assume a less active role in services recurrent than when purchasing materials.Question 11 of 16 Which of the following is not one of the typical questions to ask prior to inviting a supplier into the design process as presented in the book? A. Will the supplier be able to provide price concessions B. Will the supplier be able to meet our cost, quality, and product performance requirements? C. Does the supplier possess the required engineering capability? D. Will the supplier be able to meet our development and production needs? E. Does it have the necessary physical process and quality capabilities required? Answer Key: AQuestion 12 of 16 Which of the following is not associated with the development phase of the design process? A. Development of prototypes B. Design reviews C. QualifIcation testing D. Failure analysis E. Value analysis Answer Key: E Question 13 of 16 following activities except one in the list. Which activity does not fit? A. Make or Buy and Outsourcing Analysis B. Select Components, Technologies, and Supplies C. Stress Testing D. Marketing Analysis E. Failure Analysis Answer Key: D Question 14 of 16 Which of the following is not a generalization about value? A.Value can be defined s the lowest end cost at which the function can be accomplished at the time and place and with the quality required B. Value is determined objectively and subjectively by design engineers C. Some items/services/processes which cost less than a similar item/service/process may accomplish the function in a superior or equal manner D. Value cannot be determined exclusively by an examination of the item/service/process being evaluated E. The value of any service, material, or product is established by the minimum cost of the other alternatives that will perform the same functionAnswer Key: B Question 15 of 16 Which of the following is not true of Six Sigma? A. Six Sigma is a broad and comprehensive system for building and sustaining business performance, success, and leadership B. The key focus is on processes C. Measurement of both processes and products is critical to Six Sigma success D. Six Sigma calls for zero defects E. Statistical six sigma goal is near-perfection, 3. 4 defects per million opportunities (DEMO) Question 16 of 16 A. Design B. Measure C. Analyze D. Lampooner E. Control http://biology-forums. Com/index. PH? Topic=92464. O

Is fashion important?

Deposit agreement 0 When you opened your account, you received a deposit agreement and fee schedule and agreed that your account would be governed by the arms of these documents, as we may amend them from time to time. These documents are part of the contract for your deposit account and govern all transactions relating to your account, including all deposits and withdrawals. Copies of both the deposit agreement and fee schedule which contain the current version of the terms and conditions of your account relationship may be obtained at our banking centers.Electronic transfers: In case of errors or questions about your electronic transfers 0 If you think your statement or receipt is wrong or you need more information about an electronic transfer (e. . , ATM transactions, direct deposits or withdrawals, point-of-sale transactions) on the statement or receipt, telephone or write us at the address and number listed on the front of this statement as soon as you can.We must hear from you no later than 60 days after we sent you the FIRST statement on which the error or problem appeared. Tell us your name and account number. Describe the error or transfer you are unsure about, and explain as clearly as you can why you believe there is an error or why you need more information. Tell us the dollar amount of the suspected error. For consumer accounts used primarily for personal, family or household purposes, we will investigate your complaint and will correct any error promptly.If we take more than 10 business days (10 calendar days if you are a Massachusetts customer) (20 business days if you are a new customer, for electronic transfers occurring during the first 30 days after the first deposit is made to your account) to do this, we will credit your account for the amount you think is in error, so that you will have use of the money during the time it will take to complete our investigation. For other accounts, we investigate, and if we find we have made an error, we c redit your account at the conclusion of our investigation.Reporting other problems 0 You must examine your statement carefully and promptly. You are in the best position to discover errors and unauthorized transactions on your account. If you fail to notify us in writing of suspected problems or an unauthorized transaction within the time period specified in the deposit agreement (which periods are no more than 60 days after we make the statement available to you and in some cases are 30 days or less), we are not liable to you for, ND you agree to not make a claim against us for the problems or unauthorized transactions. Is fashion important? Deposit agreement 0 When you opened your account, you received a deposit agreement and fee schedule and agreed that your account would be governed by the arms of these documents, as we may amend them from time to time. These documents are part of the contract for your deposit account and govern all transactions relating to your account, including all deposits and withdrawals. Copies of both the deposit agreement and fee schedule which contain the current version of the terms and conditions of your account relationship may be obtained at our banking centers.Electronic transfers: In case of errors or questions about your electronic transfers 0 If you think your statement or receipt is wrong or you need more information about an electronic transfer (e. . , ATM transactions, direct deposits or withdrawals, point-of-sale transactions) on the statement or receipt, telephone or write us at the address and number listed on the front of this statement as soon as you can.We must hear from you no later than 60 days after we sent you the FIRST statement on which the error or problem appeared. Tell us your name and account number. Describe the error or transfer you are unsure about, and explain as clearly as you can why you believe there is an error or why you need more information. Tell us the dollar amount of the suspected error. For consumer accounts used primarily for personal, family or household purposes, we will investigate your complaint and will correct any error promptly.If we take more than 10 business days (10 calendar days if you are a Massachusetts customer) (20 business days if you are a new customer, for electronic transfers occurring during the first 30 days after the first deposit is made to your account) to do this, we will credit your account for the amount you think is in error, so that you will have use of the money during the time it will take to complete our investigation. For other accounts, we investigate, and if we find we have made an error, we c redit your account at the conclusion of our investigation.Reporting other problems 0 You must examine your statement carefully and promptly. You are in the best position to discover errors and unauthorized transactions on your account. If you fail to notify us in writing of suspected problems or an unauthorized transaction within the time period specified in the deposit agreement (which periods are no more than 60 days after we make the statement available to you and in some cases are 30 days or less), we are not liable to you for, ND you agree to not make a claim against us for the problems or unauthorized transactions. Is fashion important? Deposit agreement 0 When you opened your account, you received a deposit agreement and fee schedule and agreed that your account would be governed by the arms of these documents, as we may amend them from time to time. These documents are part of the contract for your deposit account and govern all transactions relating to your account, including all deposits and withdrawals. Copies of both the deposit agreement and fee schedule which contain the current version of the terms and conditions of your account relationship may be obtained at our banking centers.Electronic transfers: In case of errors or questions about your electronic transfers 0 If you think your statement or receipt is wrong or you need more information about an electronic transfer (e. . , ATM transactions, direct deposits or withdrawals, point-of-sale transactions) on the statement or receipt, telephone or write us at the address and number listed on the front of this statement as soon as you can.We must hear from you no later than 60 days after we sent you the FIRST statement on which the error or problem appeared. Tell us your name and account number. Describe the error or transfer you are unsure about, and explain as clearly as you can why you believe there is an error or why you need more information. Tell us the dollar amount of the suspected error. For consumer accounts used primarily for personal, family or household purposes, we will investigate your complaint and will correct any error promptly.If we take more than 10 business days (10 calendar days if you are a Massachusetts customer) (20 business days if you are a new customer, for electronic transfers occurring during the first 30 days after the first deposit is made to your account) to do this, we will credit your account for the amount you think is in error, so that you will have use of the money during the time it will take to complete our investigation. For other accounts, we investigate, and if we find we have made an error, we c redit your account at the conclusion of our investigation.Reporting other problems 0 You must examine your statement carefully and promptly. You are in the best position to discover errors and unauthorized transactions on your account. If you fail to notify us in writing of suspected problems or an unauthorized transaction within the time period specified in the deposit agreement (which periods are no more than 60 days after we make the statement available to you and in some cases are 30 days or less), we are not liable to you for, ND you agree to not make a claim against us for the problems or unauthorized transactions.

Project Appraisal to Working Capital Essay Example

Project Appraisal to Working Capital Essay Example Project Appraisal to Working Capital Essay Project Appraisal to Working Capital Essay GOI came out with a new textile policy that outlines the direction of policy reforms to be followed in near term. The steps outlined in the policy are geared mainly towards removing the bias in policy towards the small scale sectors and promoting modernization. Technical Feasibility Location and site The site chosen for the cotton spinning unit is in Gujarat which has many advantages such as ? Project located in well developed industrial area where land availability and conversion of land and getting necessary approval is easy. ?Low labor cost ?Easy availability of skilled and semi skilled labor ?Favorable industrial environment ?One of the new textile hub in India ?Peaceful labor environment ?All infrastructural facilities such as roads, natural gas for power plant and effluent discharge facility with water. Technology and Manufacturing process The company has initiated the process of setting up world class integrated textile plant in order to make it one of the leading textile companies in the country. The adoption of new and latest technology will transform their manufacturing process into an efficient mode. NC textiles proposes to set up a spinning unit with a capacity of 52224 spindles, fully automated with almost non touch manufacturing process, automation would also reduce the number of workmen resulting in non dependence on workmen. The report explains the entire manufacturing process in detail and how the production would be carried out. Availability of raw materials Cotton: The main raw material for the plant is cotton which is easily available in Indian markets at reasonable prices. Fuel: Company has made provisions to establish captive power plants of matching requirements. The supply line of gas is already available. Power: The power demand for the spinning unit has been estimated to be about 4 MW. The power requirements will be met by installing a 4 MW gas based captive power plant by the company itself. Firefighting: Appropriate equipment and gadgets such as carbon dioxide and dry powder extinguishers are considered. Plant lighting: The entire plant area, work shed will be provisioned with adequate luminous lighting as per laid down industry standards. Further, all internal transport routes and general working areas are provided with adequate lighting. Pollution control measures The provision of water treatment plant and effluent treatment plant of matching capacities has been made to recover and recycle the water and minimize the water requirement. Financials Project cost and Means of Finance The total cost of the project is estimated to be 211 crores which will be financed through DER of 2. 2. The company proposes to bring in additional capital from its existing operations amounting to 60 crores which becomes the part of promoter’s contribution. The table below gives the project cost and means of finance: ParticularsCotton spinning unit at Gujarat (Rs lacs) Location XYZ Capacity 52224 spindles Cost of project Land 500 Building 2050 Plant and machinery13978 Misc. fixed assets2207 Total 18 735 Preliminary expenses375 Interest during construction1281 Contingency expenses335 Margin money for working capital380 Total 2410 Grand total21100 Means of finance Internal sources6000 Term loan15100 Grand total21100 From the above table, it can be concluded that the cost of the project has been estimated to be around 21100 lacs which the company is planning to finance through debt of Rs 15100 lacs and equity of Rs 6000 lacs. The DER for the project comes to around 2. 52. Overall comments on plant and machinery The cost of entire plant and machinery is estimated at 13978 lacs inclusive of freight, insurance, and taxes including custom duty. The suppliers for most of the equipments have already been finalized after suitable negotiations. The comparative analysis related to the cost of plant and equipment has found to be comparable with other projects of similar capacity. Finally, the proposed plant, machinery and equipments are suitable for the envisaged production capacity and incorporate the well established and proven technology. Breakeven analysis As per the estimates, the company is to achieve breakeven point at the sales of Rs 7137 lacs at the capacity utilization of 90% in the year 2014. This is illustrated in the following table (Rs in lacs) Capacity 90 % (2014)Variable (%)Fixed (%)Variable costsFixed costs Sales (A)10499 Expenses Raw materials3929100%3929 Power and fuel713100%713 Wages 35080%20%28070 Factory overheads24280%20%19349 Adm. Expenses20880%20%16642 Interest 1794100%1794 Depreciation 1592100%1592 Total 88275281 (B)3547 Contribution (A- B)5218 Breakeven (sales)7137 Break even (capacity)67. 98% DSCR calculation DSCR helps to understand the debt servicing capability of the company. Generally, higher the ratio, greater is the ability of the company to pay its debt. The project of cotton spinning unit will start its commercial operations in 2013 and start generating revenue. The profit that will be generated will first be used to pay off its debts in the form of installments and interest. This ratio forms a crucial part from banker’s point of view as it helps the bank to know the financial status of the company in near future. The profits generated in future are calculated based on certain assumptions which are the used to calculate DSCR (Rs in Lacs). Year ending 31 march20132014 EBITDA46955058 PAT549947 Depreciation18291829 Deferred tax liability189182 Interest19071657 Total44744616 Interest19071657 Installment18881888 Total37943544 DSCR1. 181. 30 ISCR2. 52. 79 The above table shows two ratios DSCR (debt service coverage ratio) which seems to be reasonable and it can be said that the company will be able to service its debt without any difficulty. ISCR (interest service coverage ratio) tells the ability of the company to pay the interest on debt on time. The above values of this ratio seem to be satisfactory without causing any problem to the com pany. Normally, the above ratios are calculated for the entire period of debt (period for which the debt service is availed) and the average of these ratios is considered for bank’s purpose. Management The project is being promoted by one of the largest companies in the country, NC textiles. The promoters have long experience of setting up of new textile projects, running and operating plants with complete range of textile fabrics, backed by well qualified team of professional and management personnel. The management has a good track record of execution of projects of similar costs and has serviced its debts timely. The vast experience of the management personnel is the major strength of the company which makes it eligible for sanctioning of loan. The company has planned expansion with the best technology and machinery from suppliers of good reputation to become competitive in international market. The company is also known for maintaining good industrial relations and has a very good reputation in the domestic market. Economic The project has also been considered useful for the society as a whole. The project would be creating a large number of employment opportunities for the locals thus providing self sufficiency and financial support to the workers. This distribution of income would ultimately lead to increase in saving and the standard of living for the people. Finally, the project aims to develop textiles of world class quality that will be able to give stiff competition to international brands and thus leading to the growth of Indian economy. The above section explains the appraisal system followed at PNB. This appraisal is carried out by the technical cell of the bank and it is based on this report that the viability of the project is determined. The techno-economic viability of the project is of major concern for the bank and forms an important step in decision making. The appraisal system at PNB is very crucial for sanctioning of financing facility and with the help of it, the bank gets to know in depth detail of the company and the project being undertaken. CREDIT RISK RATING What is Credit Risk? The risk that the borrower might fail to meet the obligations towards the bank in accordance with the agreed terms and conditions is called credit risk. It measures the inability or unwillingness of the borrower to pay its debt. Identification of credit risk forms the crucial part of risk management and is very important for the bank. It helps the bank in determining the potential defaulters and abstain the bank from providing financing facility to such borrowers or in case they provide, than provide them at a higher r

Money and banking David S. Ashbys perspective

Money and banking David S. Ashbys perspective The first chapter in Ashby‘s book, Money Mechanics, is the introductory chapter and it is fairly brief in comparison with other chapters in the book. In this chapter, the author introduces some of the basic concepts that the book entails and builds on these concepts in subsequent chapters as the book progresses. One of the main topics in the chapter is money.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Money and banking: David S. Ashby’s perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On this topic, Ashby defines what money is, both as an item that serves as a medium of exchange (as most non-economists understand it), and conceptually as most economists view the term. He starts by giving a brief history on the necessity of money and the evolution of currency from the barter trade system to its current form. He explains that in the barter trade system whereby people would exchange goods and services for other good s and services was hectic and time consuming with one of the reasons being that the buyer had to look for a seller who had the commodity or service that the buyer was looking for. The buyer also had to make determinations on whether the seller was willing to exchange his or her goods or services with the buyer and whether their terms of exchange would be compatible. Ashby explains that having a general item or items that would be commonly acceptable as a medium of exchange, which is the basic definition of money in trade, makes trade more manageable. Distinction between currency and money The author also makes a distinction between currency and money and explains that currency is not always money. According to this concept, three widely acceptable objects qualify as money including coins, paper currency, and checking accounts. Ashby explains that although non-economists find trouble making the distinction, it is important for economists to understand the difference between the two. He elaborates this theory by stating that whether cash (in the form of paper currency or coins) qualifies as money depends on a few factors with the most important of them being whether the cash is in the U.S money supply. The U.S money supply involves cash that is in circulation and in use by consumers as opposed to cash under the authority of money creating institutions such as banks. This is the cash in people’s pockets and the cash that they use for their every day needs.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, if such cash goes into a savings account at a bank and thus its ownership goes to the bank, the cash is no longer in the U.S money supply system and the term money ceases to apply to it. Another important aspect that Ashby discusses in this chapter is the velocity of money. He explains it as the number of times that consumers use a dollar over a specific period, usually a year. Under this concept, he gives a simple example that helps in the explanation of the theory. He illustrates the concept by using an inference of a dollar passing from one user to another through the purchase of goods and services. That specific dollar facilitates the acquisition of various goods and services by different consumers over a specific period while in circulation. He notes that velocity is a consumer-controlled concept as it depends on the speed at which consumers apply money in the purchase of goods and services. He gives an example of the length of time it takes an individual to pay bills. In his second chapter, Ashby discusses different aspects regarding the U.S Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve System, and the banking system. He explains the operations of these institutions coupled with their functions agencies that control them in terms of regulation and supervision. The U.S Treasury Ashby explains that the U.S Treasury D epartment is part of the executive branch of the federal government, which is the level of government that controls the various states in the US independently. The treasury’s main tasks as set out in Ashby’s discussion include tax collection through the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), sale of treasury securities to supplement the tax revenue, and the production of currency through the operation of the U.S Mint and the U.S Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Ashby clarifies that although the treasury institution produces currency, it is not responsible for creating money as most of the currency produced goes to the Federal Reserve banks. The treasury does not inject the currency directly into the U.S money supply for circulation and thus it does not become money until such as a point when it is accessible to consumers for use in the purchase of goods and services.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Money and banking: David S. Ashby’s pe rspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System (FRS) is the second link in the chain towards the creation of money as it involves the remit of currency by the treasury department to the Federal Reserve banks. In addition, the author makes it clear that the currency deposited to the Federal Reserve banks does not attain money status at this level as these banks serve the purpose of holding money that the treasury department sends and transmitting it to banks, which are the institutions responsible for money creation. Some of the functions that Federal Reserve banks perform include serving as banks for the federal governments, serving as banks for foreign governments and other foreign institutions, and serving as banks for other banks in the federation. Although the treasury and the FRS do not create money, they play a big role in regulating the amount of money available for circulation. This r egulation is a very important role as it establishes the value of currency in use through regulating conditions such as inflation and deflation. The author elaborates that making too much currency for circulation causes inflation, thus reducing the value of each dollar as in most cases prices rise to compensate for the increase in supply forcing consumers to use more dollars in the purchase of goods and services. The value of money is in its scarcity and thus the two institutions have to ensure that the money becomes scarce enough to have value and regulate the same to retain such value The banking system Ashby explains that banks are the points at which the creation of money occurs because they are the points of access for currency for consumers as well as the points where consumers deposit currency and end the circuit of the money supply.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A dollar travels from the Treasury to the Federal Reserve Bank then the banks and becomes money when people withdraw it from their various accounts for everyday use thus entering the money supply system. Due to the crucial role that banks play in the creation of money, federal governments have established various agencies that ensure the supervision and regulation of their operations. The agencies mainly operate through depositor protection by ensuring there is stability in the monetary system, thus making sure that there is healthy competition in the banking industry and creating consumer protection mechanisms. In the third chapter of his book, Ashby talks about the effects of the treasury department’s operations on money supply in a state. The author looks at the effects activities such as tax collection, sale of securities, and creation of currency may have on the money supply system. In the book, the author notes that one of the main aspects behind the concept of money is the ownership of currency. Once the ownership transfers from the consumer to commercial institutions such as banks, it ceases to be money as it is no longer in the money supply system. The treasury department has the mandate to collect taxes through the IRS. Once individuals pay their taxes through the agency, the IRS deposits the money in various specific banks within the localities in tax and loans accounts belonging to the treasury department. The same case also applies to the money that people use to buy treasury securities such as bonds and shares. In essence, treasury securities reflect as loans from the public to the treasury department as payment for such securities usually occur on dates. However, Ashby explains that Federal Reserve banks are the ones that bear the burden of these loans. In explaining this concept, the author states that the treasury department usually withdraws the money in the tax and loans accounts at the various banks including money paid for the purch ase of treasury securities. The treasury uses the money to pay the government’s operational bills and some of its debts to other countries. Periodically, the treasury department is supposed to pay back a fraction of the treasury securities with interest, which it does through issuing checks to the individuals, who in turn present them at the various banks in exchange for currency. The banks immediately credit the checking accounts of these people and loose a matching amount in their reserves. They demand compensation for the treasury securities from the Federal Reserve banks, and thus banks experience no losses in their reserves. In essence, the amount of treasury securities that people buy from the treasury department form the amount that the public loans to the government through their reserves at banks, which transfers to the Federal Reserve banks. Therefore, the treasury department’s spending has no substantial effect on the money supply or bank reserves. However, the author states that it is noteworthy that the treasury department collects the amounts in tax and loans accounts just before it applies them in various ways. The logic behind this move is that the amount collected is a lump sum and its application takes some time. Therefore, collecting the amount before it is applicable would cause deficits in bank reserves and a consequent reduction in the lending ability of most banks leading to a credit crunch, a situation that most federal governments do their best to avoid. The author is of the view that the creation of currency also has no net effect on money supply. He explains the process of currency supply up to the point where the currency reaches the hands of consumers and becomes money. The essential point worth noting in this process is that when consumers withdraw currency from their checking accounts, they reduce the balance in the checking accounts by exactly the same amount of cash they hold. Therefore, as both the checking accou nts and cash are forms of money, the two remain at equilibrium as an increase in one creates a decrease in the other. In this chapter, the author discusses how the money creation ability of banks affects money supply. In his discussion, Ashby mentions the different kinds of money that reserve banks have and the effect that lending money has on the various reserves and in turn the money supply system. The primary reserve is the first reserve that the author explains by elaborating that it lays its basis on a reserve requirement whose calculation is done through the application of a percentage set by the regulatory agencies against the total bank deposits customers make. The essence of this requirement is the prevention of a scenario where a bank is unable to remit withdrawals at given times due to lack of adequate funding. The banks keep the reserve amounts either in vaults at the banks or in their Federal Reserve accounts. The second reserve that the author elaborates on is the work ing reserve, which he explains as an amount in excess of the primary reserve that banks keep at hand to ensure there is a sufficient operational amount for withdrawal by customers. Although the law does not require banks to keep this additional sum in hand, some banks experience more traffic than others do in terms of customer, and thus they keep the additional sum in hand for convenience. At times, banks also experience net withdrawals. Ashby defines these withdrawals as withdrawals above the amount a customer has in his or her checking account. Since the law forbids the banks from using deposits from other customers to facilitate a customer’s net withdrawal, banks use their working reserves instead. He notes that working reserves do not prevent the likelihood of net withdrawals, but they prepare bank for the eventualities so that the bank still has sufficient reserves on which to operate. The third type of reserve that the author discusses is the secondary reserve. He descr ibes this as a reserve in excess of both the primary and working reserves. The main use of this reserve is to generate revenue for the bank, as a bank is a business institution that aims at the generation of profits. After banks establish their primary and working reserves, they apply the rest of the reserves in revenue generating projects and investments. However, there are restrictions to the types of investments and projects that banks can get involved in with regard to the risks that such investments involve. The author gives an example of such investments as treasury securities by stating that they are safe, generate interest on the reserve, and are easy to liquidate when the need arises. The securities in this case are a form of secondary reserve. The main point that the author makes with regard to money supply and bank lending activities is that when banks lend to customers, they increase the amount of money in supply as they provide the customer with more money than s/he has in his/her checking account. Therefore, although checking accounts and cash ordinarily cancel each other out in bank transactions, in this case the cash is in excess of what the customer has in the real sense and thus creating an increase in money supply. Banks thus have to exercise caution and due diligence in their lending habits. This chapter of the book is mainly about the Federal Resource System (FRS) and its influence on money supply. Ashby lays out three main tools that the FRS uses to influence money supply, by giving a concise description of each of the tools and their role with regard to money supply. One of the tools that Ashby mentions in the chapter is open-market operations. He explains that they involve the purchase and sale of outstanding treasury securities, although in this case, the treasury leaves the function of transacting the securities to the Federal Reserve. The FRS sells and buys such securities directly from the security owners without involving banks, al though it applies the use of intermediaries such as brokers who conduct door-to-door transactions. The effect that such transactions have on the money supply is that they affect the flow of cash in the money supply system without the involvement of checking accounts thus causing a direct increase or decrease in the money supply. Whether the money supply increases or decreases depends on whether the transactions by the FRS are sales or purchases, with sales injecting money in the money supply system and purchases resulting in the inverse effect. The second tool that the FRS utilizes is its mandate to adjust the level of reserve requirements thereby affecting bank reserves. This tool aims at regulating bank reserves and ensuring that banks do not create too much money because of excesses in bank reserves. Ashby explains that the FRS has the mandate to set the percentages that banks have to meet in terms of primary reserves against the amounts they receive on checking accounts. By redu cing the required percentage on primary reserves, the FRS facilitates an increase in the ability that banks have in giving loans to customers. As earlier mentioned, loans create an increase in money supply thus the FRS utilizes this tool to increase or decrease the amount that banks can give in loans as appropriate. In order to ensure the cushioning of banks against negative effects that come with redistribution of reserves due to various reasons, the FRS offers temporarily borrowed reserves appropriately according to the circumstances. The author gives an example of a bank in an area where the main economic activity is farming. He explains that in such an area, the likelihood that cash deposits increase during harvest seasons and reduce during planting seasons is high. Therefore, the FRS provides temporary loans to banks to enable them have sufficient revenue during the planting season, which they then pay back during the harvesting season when deposits increase thus creating an in crease in reserves. In this way, banks in the area can have a steady supply of reserves regardless of the season and without inconveniencing the customer. The author also adds that the regulation of monetary policy in banking institutions facilitates the creation and depletion of reserves, thus controlling the amount available to a bank for distribution to customers. He mentions the federal funds market and explains that the policies that banks set on the amount of federal funds rates that other banks can pay influences the amount of reserves that banks keep. The federal funds markets operate through interbank borrowing, where banks with fewer reserves can borrow from those with an excess in the same. The disadvantage of this method is that the minimum amount a bank can borrow is usually high, thus smaller banks are unable to use such facilities. Therefore, smaller banks would want to ensure that they reduce on lending to avoid such situations.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder Essay Bipolar Disorder Essay Bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this disorder can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the amount of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is important that we keep looking for explanations of its causes and for more ways to treat this disorder. Bipolar has a large variety of symptoms, divided in two categories. One is the manic episodes, the other is depressive. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can turn into feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include disturbances in sleep and appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and reoccurring thoughts of death and suicide. The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a deep sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, problems with concentrations and driving. Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It occurs in both males and females. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not. Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes do experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, excited, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities. As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has found out in their research, bipolar disorder can create marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. Many times, bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the person ages. Many timess bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that follow each other without a period of remission. The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by extreme loss of judgment. Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences paranoid delusions. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior sometimes turns into violence. Sometimes both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time. This is called a mixed episode. Those affected are at special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that make them feel like they could jump out of their skin. Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they have the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another form of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more episodes within a 12 month period. Lithium has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder since its introduction in the 1960s. Its main function is to stabilize the cycling characteristic of bipolar disorder. In four controlled studies by F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate for bipolar subjects treated with Lithium was 78% (1990). Lithium is also the primary drug used for long- term maintenance of bipolar disorder. .

Financial analysis Apple and McDonald's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial analysis Apple and McDonald's - Essay Example On the other hand, Apple Inc. experienced a drop in their bottom line from forty-one billion and seven million United States dollars down to thirty-seven billion. The experience was in spite of the fact that the company realized an increase in revenues to one hundred and seventy-one billion from slightly more than one hundred and fifty-six billion. A major in put in the falling bottom line in spite of the increasing revenue was the increase in revenue collected by the company in the percentage of sales associated with cost of goods to more than sixty-two percent from fifty-three. The income statement also referred to as the statement of earnings covers the entire performance of McDonald’s Corp. That includes results of operating activities. Similarly, the statement of financial position reports important classes as well as amounts of resources controlled and owned by the company. The ratios explore the output and revenues generated by both Apple Inc. and McDonald’s Corp’s assets. Included in the evaluation is the level of operations versus the assets required to maintain operating activities. Evaluation takes place under the general terminology of operating performance ratios. The debt-to-equity ratio for McDonald’s reduced in twenty eleven to two thousand and twelve but recorded slight improvements from two thousand and twelve to two thousand and thirteen. The debt-to-capital ratio faced the same fate as it deteriorated in two thousand and eleven through to two thousand and twelve. The trend in the subsequent financial year was similar to that in the debt-to-equity ratio. When calculating the interest coverage ratio as an EBIT and dividing it interest payments, it leads to the conclusion that MacDonald’s Corp. Reducing in the preceding financial year with slight improvements in the subsequent year. The adjusted total assets for M cDonald’s followed the same trend

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Leadership - Essay Example A Panic or Choke Moment My panic or choke moment is from a job scenario. It happened during a meeting in my workplace where I was supposed to give a presentation regarding a new project that our company wanted to initiate. That day turned out to be the most provoking and infuriating of my life. Before that time, I had experienced something similar, but this incident was more pronounced and baffling. The meeting was to take at least one hour since I was the only one presenting the project. I wanted to give a perfect presentation so I had to prepare adequately since my first presentation within my department had inadequacies and pitfalls. I had clearly mastered the whole presentation in my mind, but to ensure a sophisticated presentation, I brought along my laptop and projector. The meeting commenced, my boss did the introduction and thereafter called me to take the centre stage. I took centre stage, got ready by setting up my laptop and projector. I was so motivated and enthusiastic s ince I was sure that I had everything under control. However, five minutes into the presentation, a power surge occurred, which tampered with my laptop. The laptop failed to work; I realized that I could not access my presentation from the laptop, suddenly my mine went blank. Although, I had all the information in my mind, without my laptop, I could do nothing. Contending with the Situation After that incident, I resolved to get help in order to avoid an embarrassment like that again. Choking or panicking can be resolved through different methods. When Novotna faltered during her Wimbledon match, it was because she started to think too much about her shots, and thus, losing her fluidity. In my situation, when the power surge occurred, it tampered with my laptop, which had my presentation. I had put all my focus in presenting with the help of my laptop and projector. All I had to do was to give the presentation from my mind instead of thinking that using the laptop was the only in wh ich I possibly present. If I had relied on my mind, I would have easily avoided the stress and presented the project. Forgetting the past is very important, especially forgetting unpleasant incidences. Novotna, remembering her choke at Wimbledon was again culpable at the French Open in 1995. Forgetting disappointments in the past can help to avoid those affecting current events. Finally, it is important not to think too hard. Failure develops when an individual focuses too much on mechanical and technical procedures when carrying out an activity. As in my case, I focused too much on delivering a sophisticated presentation with my laptop and projector. In addition, contending with situations that bring about stress call for experience. Essentially, it means thinking something through with the objective of anticipating what might go wrong. Understanding Stress Reactions Understanding how a person reacts to stress is vital in making that person an effective leader. Emotional intelligen ce refers to the ability to comprehend and manage one’s emotions and of those around them (Vidula et al, 2012: p10). Leaders or team members who have good emotional intelligence normally know their feelings, what it means, and the manner in which this can affect the rest of the team. For a leader, being aware of one’s emotions is vital for success. A leader, who shouts at

Video Game Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Video Game Violence - Research Paper Example On the other hand, some video games may have potential benefits to children. The games’ realistic and stimulating character has made it extremely acceptable and trendy to the younger generation. Statistics show that almost 80% of American children, ages 7 to 17 years old, play an average of 8 hours daily. While some games available in the market are suitably wholesome, beneficial and educational for children; some games, particularly those with ultra violent content could be destructive and inappropriate. The intensification of electronic play together with the escalating incidences of youth crimes has led to massive government and police investigations and legislative schemes worldwide (â€Å"School Age: Video Game Addiction†). Majority of conducted studies have been centered on the negative correlation between electronic games and aggressive behavior among the youth; and assessment of strategies aimed at reduction of risks to minors. However, minimal studies have been carried out to prove some probabilities of constructive influences on children’s development (Salonius-Pasternak and Gelfond 6). Despite numerous researches on the impact of violent electronic games on children, there appears to be as much perplexity as ever. Why do video games increase violence and aggression among the youth? How do these games affect children’s behavior? Why do those children already exposed to violence in society choose games of aggression? We may or may not find convincing answers to link video games with violent behavior. Psychoanalysts, educators, scientists, computer technologists, parents and even commoners may give different opinions and through them, we will be able to understand the reasons behind their arguments. This article will analyze the different viewpoints of different observers. Potential benefits and negative impacts will be presented, as well as this author’s personal analysis on the issue: Evidences of exhibited aggressiv e behavior in children and the growing incidence of crimes committed by young gamers are linked with over-exposure to video games; however, the probabilities of video games’ positive influences should not be ignored. Evidences of exhibited aggressive behavior in children and the growing incidence of crimes committed by young gamers are linked with over-exposure to video games; however, the probabilities of video games’ positive influences should not be ignored. In the seventies, modernization and technological innovations introduced electronic game play to society, particularly targeting the interest of the younger generation. Since then, video game play became a major part of children’s daily activities. In the 1980s, classrooms were equipped with computers and later, computers were recognized as providers of knowledge. Studies showed that educational software and games can undeniably have numerous beneficial effects on children’s academic performance (K ent). The beneficial effects electronic play has on children should not be discounted. Video games are educators. The interactive nature of this electronic media can be highly motivational; children become enthusiastically connected; they learn through repetition; and are rewarded for skillful

How Can Piagetian Theory be used to facilitate teaching activities in Term Paper

How Can Piagetian Theory be used to facilitate teaching activities in learning centers - Term Paper Example He emphasized the use of questioning that lead children to think philosophically and designed tasks that call upon high-level cognition; problem solving, reasoning, and understanding of complex concepts (Siegler & Ellis, 1996). To Piaget, children’s cognitive behaviour is intrinsically rather than extrinsically motivated. Even if it is a fact that social interactions and other reinforcements influence how a child thinks, Piaget maintains that children learn and think naturally because they are designed and have been evolved to do so. He came up with the Stages of Cognitive Development because he believed that intellectual development is influenced by both maturation and experience. â€Å"Cognitive development is indicated by a growing ability to plan, to employ strategies for remembering and to seek solutions to problems† (Brewer, 2001: 26). Piaget describes that cognitive development of children progress in stages. The initial stage is the Sensorimotor Stage of babies and toddlers. This period is characterized by interactions with the environment based on the child’s reception of sensory input and muscular reactions. The task of this period is to develop the concept of object permanence, the idea that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or heard. (Brewer, 2001). The Preoperational Period (two to seven years) marks the time when a child becomes able to represent objects and knowledge through imitation, symbolic play, drawing, mental images and spoken language. Lack of conservation skills is also characteristic of this stage. â€Å"Conservation is defined as the knowledge that the number, mass, area, length, weight, and volume of objects are not changed by physically rearranging the objects.† (Brewer, 2001: 46) The ages of seven to eleven or twelve years falls under the Concrete Operational Period. Children at this age begin to think more operationally. Piaget and Inhelder (1969) described the operational thinker as one who em ploys â€Å"identity or reversibility by inversion or reciprocity† (99) in solving problems. They have moved on from being egocentric and consider that others may come to conclusions that differ from theirs. 2. Adult’s role in child development Piaget is a proponent of Consructivist philosophy in education. This philosophy premises on the belief that learners â€Å"construct† their own learning, and in effect, have better retention of it. â€Å"In the Constructivist theory the emphasis is placed on the learner or the student rather than the teacher or the instructor.   It is the learner who interacts with objects and events and thereby gains an understanding of the features held by such objects or events.   The learner, therefore, constructs his/her own conceptualizations and solutions to problems.   Learner autonomy and initiative is accepted and encouraged.† (Van Ryneveld, n.d., n.p.). Adults who adhere to Piagetian theories give the students more power in the acquisition of learning. Using prior knowledge, children are encouraged to invent their own solutions and try out their own ideas and hypotheses with the able support of their teachers. This way, they can indulge in concrete experiences that focus on their interests. The process of searching for information, analysing data and reaching conclusions is considered more important than learning facts. Teachers come up with several strategies in capturing their students’ attention, and courses are offered in helping educators become more efficient in imparting

Ree speech on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ree speech on the Internet - Essay Example This is why terror groups use the internet to upload images of inhuman executions and issue terror threats with intent of causing panic and disruption of normal day to day operations. When such information is posted on the internet, it is quickly distributed to countless individuals through social media and other platforms such as email. This makes it impossible to extract such information from the public domain. With restrictions, such information cannot be uploaded to the internet since the source will be afraid that the information will be easily traced to him if control mechanisms are installed. This enhances the security situation of a country and the world at large. Secondly, the internet has been changed into an immoral world where materials such as hate speech, pornography and other lewd materials can be carelessly made available to the general public including underage children. Hate speech is capable of causing public unrest to the extent of causing riots and civil unrest. Unrestricted postage of pornography leads to moral decay since children who frequent the internet are bound to land onto this content. With restricted free speech on the internet, individuals issuing hate speech can be easily be traced for prosecution. Pornographic material made available to the general public including under age children can be controlled and minimized for the benefit of the society. Last but not least, the internet’s purpose is diluted when unrestricted free speech is allowed. Unrestricted speech means that information can be made available to a target audience without confirmation of how legit it is. The internet is an important tool for passing out information. With unrestricted free speech, the internet’s credibility and purpose of sharing information is jeopardized. Establishment of some level of restriction ensures that information

Students Learning Abilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Students Learning Abilities - Essay Example Students are often advised by teachers and other elders to study for examinations over a period of time, as opposed to ‘cramming’ on the day before a test. Experimental research shows that spacing, a process where information is acquired in small bits over a period of time, allows better retention of facts in memory than when massed learning is used, where it is attempted to absorb all the information in one short sitting. However, the practice of cramming continues- mainly because many students succeed in getting through their examinations by this practice.In the experiments on spaced learning cited above, rote-learning was emphasized on, and participants had to recall facts. The experiments involved testing only vocabulary or obscure facts, which occupy only a small part of education. Whether the subjects were interested or enthusiastic about memorizing these facts and words is not certain. Interest in a topic has been found to have a notable effect on memory and recal l. Thus, it would be interesting to discover if the benefit of spacing persists if the information to be learned is to be understood, not just memorized, and is of particular interest to the student. My hypothesis is that test scores will be significantly higher when the studying is spaced out over days rather than done right before the test, even when a student is highly interested and enthusiastic about a subject - provided that there are no other conditions that would affect test performance.... Thus, it would be interesting to discover if the benefit of spacing persists if the information to be learned is to be understood, not just memorized, and is of particular interest to the student. My hypothesis is that test scores will be significantly higher when the studying is spaced out over days rather than done right before the test, even when a student is highly interested and enthusiastic about a subject - provided that there are no other conditions that would affect test performance. This prediction is based on my observation that very good students who do well on exams usually begin preparing for tests well ahead of time. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of spacing on test results when the topic is of academic interest to the students. Methods This is an experimental study to determine the difference in test results when two different preparatory approaches are used. The independent study variable will be the type of studying routine that was used, and t he student’s status as being interested in Biology or not. The average test score of the group will be the dependent variable. An experimental design has been chosen in order to ensure that the test preparation time and preparatory material covered is similar and measurable for all the participants in a group. Biology has been chosen as the subject, as it involves reading and understanding, not just memorizing of facts, and is a topic which is highly interesting for some students, and the opposite for others. Various confounding factors could affect the results of this study. First, a group with a higher number of smarter students would have a higher average score. To control for this factor, participants will be assorted into the groups using stratification for

Ree speech on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ree speech on the Internet - Essay Example This is why terror groups use the internet to upload images of inhuman executions and issue terror threats with intent of causing panic and disruption of normal day to day operations. When such information is posted on the internet, it is quickly distributed to countless individuals through social media and other platforms such as email. This makes it impossible to extract such information from the public domain. With restrictions, such information cannot be uploaded to the internet since the source will be afraid that the information will be easily traced to him if control mechanisms are installed. This enhances the security situation of a country and the world at large. Secondly, the internet has been changed into an immoral world where materials such as hate speech, pornography and other lewd materials can be carelessly made available to the general public including underage children. Hate speech is capable of causing public unrest to the extent of causing riots and civil unrest. Unrestricted postage of pornography leads to moral decay since children who frequent the internet are bound to land onto this content. With restricted free speech on the internet, individuals issuing hate speech can be easily be traced for prosecution. Pornographic material made available to the general public including under age children can be controlled and minimized for the benefit of the society. Last but not least, the internet’s purpose is diluted when unrestricted free speech is allowed. Unrestricted speech means that information can be made available to a target audience without confirmation of how legit it is. The internet is an important tool for passing out information. With unrestricted free speech, the internet’s credibility and purpose of sharing information is jeopardized. Establishment of some level of restriction ensures that information

McDonalds Essay Example for Free

McDonalds Essay McDonalds is the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. McDonalds and its franchises operated more than 33,000 McDonald’s restaurants in 118 countries and serve 64 million customers each day. The company also operates other restaurant brands, such as Piles Cafe. McDonalds is the largest food service company in the world. In 2010, the annual total revenues are 24,075 millions. It is also one of biggest employers in the United States, with over 1. 7 million workers (our company). Only fifteen to twenty per cent of the restaurants are actually company-owned. The rest are franchises, run by 2,659 independent owners who pay a fee of between $400,000 and $700,000 for a franchise. McDonalds licensing department handles the fee structure on a case by case basis, and there are a wide variety of license fees determined by property and equipment costs. A skilled franchisee can earn a sex-figure income from a single restaurant; most own two or more restaurants (report). The following part will focus on the international factors affect on the McDonald’s company. International factor is an external environment. It refers to the characteristics of the environment that are particular to cross-border operations which included economic cycles, competitive and entrepreneurial cultures (book). McDonald’s is a large international company. It’s restaurant distributed around the world. Thus, there are many factors that McDonald’s need to consider. Such as how to meet different countries’ customers’ need. Because of different country’s customers have different culture, habit and different taste of food. The other one is how to gain competitive advantage form local restaurant. There are many fast food service companies in the world for example Burger King and KFC, especially Burger King. Burger King is also a big international company with lots of stores around the world. It’s a great competitor for the McDonald’s (Product positioning). One thing that McDonald’s do to meet customers’ need and gain competitive advantage is customization. Even though McDonald’s is centred on a core formula for its restaurants and food products, it has to have some customization to meet different country’s customers’ need. For instance, alcohol is only available in McDonald’s restaurants in some countries but not in others. Basic on different country’s culture and eating habits, McDonald’s also developed different types of burger to serves different country’s customers. Such as The Teriyaki McBurger, a sausage patty on a bun with teriyaki sauce, sold in Japan (Global and transnational business: strategy and management. George Stonehouse, David Campbell). McDonald’s also uses high quality of food and service to catch customers and gain competitive advantage. As Jim Skinner, Vice Chairman and CEO of McDonald’s, said, â€Å"running better restaurants is McDonald’s number one priority. We will improve operation excellence around the world through new technology, better training, and service enhancements† (report). Training is an important tool for companies to achieve satisfaction and sustaining competitive advantage. Employee training at McDonalds is highly structured. New workers are first taken through the basic Crew Training System. Which is an on-the job- training and is largely vocational. After this process, workers will enter into a new training program, with the skills becoming more complex and generalized. The second level of training begins with a one-hour orientation on the company. Workers will watch a video and read step by step manuals at training room. The video and manuals included every detail of the operation such as how to make burgers, shake. Each restaurant has its own training room. Trainers use a series of checklists, Station Observation Checklist to evaluate new crew members’ performance. For a crew member, the training is over. But once a crew has been promoted to swing manager, he or she will continue to receive training which called management development program. It included teaching technical and functional management skill for employees at the swing manager level. There are four steps in this program. First one is Basic operations Course which covers fundamental restaurant openings. The next is Basic Management Curse which teaches leaderships, time planning, and crew recognition. Then is operations Course, students are trained on crew recruitment and retention, store leadership and decision-making. The last part in this process is Regional Equipment Course. Once employees finished this training and become assistant managed, he or she is eligible to get into Hamburger University, the company’s world wide training center for management personnel. About 2,500 managers and potential franchisees studied here. The course included enhancing communication, interpersonal and human relations skills. All McDonald’s managers are required to receive training from Hamburger University at least once every 5 years to enhance their skills. Training is seen as a core aspect in McDonald’s daily operations. Because of training is one of the important means to achieve standardization. By training employees, company can gain lots of advantages. It can increase company’s productivity, reduce staff turnover and improve service quality (). Each and every one of these customers deserved great services from the moment they approach the counter or drive-thru window until they leave the restaurants. We depend on the employees in the restaurant, whether employed by independent franchises or by McDonalds Corporation, to provide a fast friendly and courteous experience to all guests so they will visit us again and again. Thats why McDonalds Independent Franchisees and McDonalds Corporation look for individuals who like to have fun while delivering fast accurate and friendly service. If you are interested in becoming a part of a McDonalds Team, here are some of the duties that could be required of you: 1. On Time, Neat and Clean: Our crewmembers are expected to report work on time, neat and clean. 2. Wash Your Hands: the most important thing crewmembers so to help make sure our customers receive safe food is to wash their hands often.  3.  Skills and Training: Training will provide you with the skills you will need to perform your job. 4. Standards: Crewmembers follow standard operational procedures so customers always receive exceptional quality service. 5. Teamwork: Our crewmembers rely on teamwork and high energy to get the job done. 6. Clean Spotless Tidy sparking. Our customers expect every McDonalds will be clean. 7. Welcomed Guest: Our crewmembers make each customer feel like a welcomed guest. 8. Service: We depend on our crewmembers to deliver fast, accurate and friendly service with a smile.

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay It includes the pipe and flow characteristics of the transported fluid under specified operating conditions as established in the design basis. Velocity The pipeline has to be laid for the distance of 770km between Portland and Montreal, the fluid in the pipe is Light Crude Oil. Velocity of flow in a pipeline is the average velocity based on the pipe diameter and liquid flow rate. Its selection is first step in the designing procedure of our project. The flow velocity can have both advantages and drawbacks. High velocities can cause turbulence, and the striking of the fluid on the walls of the pipe which will cause damage to the pipes and eventually erode away the pipe, while low velocity on the other hand can cause the deposition of particulates in the line and cleanliness of the fluid will be compromised. Therefore, to avoid these problemsliquid lines are normally sized to maintain a velocity sufficient to keep the solid particles from depositing and also to prevent the erosion of the pipe. Under these considerations the recommended velocity is in the range of 3ft/s to 8ft/s. From this selected range of velocity we have to select a single velocity. The velocity we have selected for our line is 5ft/s. This is the intermediate velocity from the recommended range and all the further calculations will be done on this velocity. Velocity Selection The range as mentioned above is taken as 3ft/s to 5ft/s. The next step is to select a single velocity from this range. We have selected 5ft/s for our line. The reason for this velocity selection is the trade-off between pipe diameter and number of pump stations. According to continuity equation if we increase the velocity, the corresponding diameter will reduce but the pressure loss will increase due to which a higher number of pump stations are required. Similarly if we decrease the velocity, the number of pump stations will reduce but the diameter will increase for a given flow rate. Since the pipeline is laid over a long distance, the pipeline cost holds the major share of the capital investment therefore increasing the diameter will adversely affect the economics of pipeline. This trade-off is visible in the calculations shown in appendix A. The other reason for choosing this velocity is that if the flow rate fluctuates in the future for any reason the diameter selected from this intermediate velocity will be able to accommodate those variations without affecting our system. Diameter Calculation Calculation of the diameter is the core of the hydraulic designing.The diameter selected should be able to support the stresses on the pipe, the capacity of the fluid and minimize the pressure losses. Under given flow rate and assumed velocities, we can calculate the pipe diameter using continuity equation: V=Q/A V: Flow velocity Q: Volume flow rate A: Cross sectional area The flow rate is given as 109,000bbl/day or 7.1ft^3/s. The diameters are calculated at 3, 4, 5ft/s velocities and the respective diameters are 20.83, 18.04 and 16.14. Selection of Diameter As mentioned above 5ft/s is selected as the recommended velocity and the corresponding internal diameter (ID) is 16.14in. Nominal Pipe Size For the internal diameter subsequently we have to calculate the nominal pipe size. To calculate the nominal diameter we refer to the Pipe Data provided for the Carbon Steel. From the table shown in appendix B, it is found out that consequent nominal pipe size will be 18in. Characteristics of Flow Different flow properties are calculated to determine the regime of flow, losses in the pipes. The nature of the flow can be laminar or turbulent.There are two types of the losses. Major losses include the losses due to friction in straight pipes and minor losses due to bends, valves, tees. To calculate these we will be dealing with Reynolds number (for nature of flow), Moody diagram (for friction factor) and head loss calculations. Losses As the fluid flows through the pipe there is friction at the pipe wall and fluid interface in the straight portions of the pipe due to interference between the fluid and the walls of the pipe. This friction results in results in the loss of energy in the lineat the expense of liquid pressure and the losses are known as the major losses. Pipe systems consist of components in addition to straight pipes. These include bends, valves, tees etc and add further to the losses in the line. These losses are termed as minor losses.Experimental data is used to calculate these losses as the theoretical prediction is complex. Major Losses The pressure drop due to friction in a pipeline depends on the flow rate, pipe diameter, pipe roughness, liquid specific gravity, and viscosity. In addition, the frictional pressure drop depends on the Reynolds number (and hence the flow regime). Therefore, the fluid in the pipeline will undergo pressure losses as it runs in the line and reduce the operating pressure. This loss needs to be recovered and to maintain the pressure pumps are installed at specific locations according to the requirement (pumps are discussed in Chapter ahead). These pressure losses are calculated by using the Darcy-Weisbach formula à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P = f(L/D)(V^2/2)à Ã‚  Where, f=Darcy friction factor, dimensionless, usually a number between 0.008 and 0.10 L=Pipe length, ft D=Pipe internal diameter, ft The pressure loss for velocity of 5ft/s comes out to be 9625.15psi. All the relevant calculations are shown in appendix A. Minor Losses Real pipeline systems mostly consist of more than straight pipes. The additional components (valves, tees and bends) add to the overall loss of the system. These are termed as minor losses. In case of very long pipes, these losses are usually insignificant incomparison to the  fluid friction in the length considered. But in case  of short pipes,these minor losses may actually be major losses such as in  suction pipe of a pumpwith strainer and foot valves.These losses represent additional energy dissipation in the flow, usually caused by secondary flows induced by curvature or recirculation. Minor loss in diverging flow is much larger than that  in converging flow. Minor lossesgenerally increase with an increase in the geometric distortion of the flow. Thoughminor losses are usually confined to a very  short length of path, the effects may  notdisappear for a considerable distance downstream. It  is insignificant in case of  laminar flow. The pressure drop through valves and fittings is generallyexpressed in terms of the liquid kinetic energy V2/2g multiplied by a head loss coefficient K. Comparing this with the Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss in a pipe, we can see the following analogy. For a straight pipe, the head loss h is V2/2g multiplied by the factor (fL/D). Thus, the head loss coefficient for a straight pipe is fL/D. Therefore, the pressure drop in a valve or fitting is calculated as follows: h=K(V^2)/2g Where, h=Head loss due to valve or fitting, ft K=Head loss coefficient for the valve or fitting, dimensionless V=Velocity of liquid through valve or fitting, ft/s g=Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/s2 in English units The head loss coefficient K is, for a given flow geometry, considered practically constant at high Reynolds number. K increases with pipe roughness and with lower Reynolds numbers. In general the value of K is determined mainly by the flow geometry or by the shape of the pressureloss device. Minor loss is generally expressed in one of  the two ways In terms of minor loss factor K. In terms length, equivalent to a  certain length of straight pipe, usuallyexpressed in terms of number of pipe diameter. The minor losses for our system are calculated and result in a very low value and can easily be neglected. Reynolds Number Flow in a liquid pipeline may be smooth, laminar flow, also known as viscous or streamline flow. In this type of flow the liquid flows in layers or laminations without causing eddies or turbulence. But as the velocity increases the flow changes from laminar to turbulent with eddies and turbulences. The important parameter used in classifying the type of flow in the pipe is called Reynolds Number. Reynolds number gives us the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is used to determine the nature of flow using the recommended velocity and the internal diameter. Reynolds number is given by Re = à Ã‚ VD/ µ Flow through pipes is classified into three main flow regimes and depending upon the Reynolds number, flow through pipes will fall in one of the following three flow regimes. 1. Laminar flow: R 2. Critical flow: R>2000 and R 3. Turbulent flow: R>4000 Friction Factor Friction Factor is a dimensionless number required to calculate the pressure losses in the pipe. Tests have shown that f is dependent upon Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe. Relative roughness is ratio of absolute pipe wall roughness ÃŽÂ µ to the pipe diameter D. For laminar flow, with Reynolds number R f=64/R For laminar flow the friction factor depends only on the Reynolds number and is independent of the internal condition of the pipe. Thus, regardless of whether the pipe is smooth or rough, the friction factor for laminar flow is a number that varies inversely with the Reynolds number. For turbulent flow, when the Reynolds number R>4000, the friction factor f depends not only on R but also on the internal roughness of the pipe. As the pipe roughness increases, so does the friction factor. Therefore, smooth pipes have a smaller friction factor compared with rough pipes. More importantly, friction factor depends on the relative roughness (ÃŽÂ µ/D) rather than the absolute pipe roughness ÃŽÂ µ. In the turbulent region it can be calculated using either the Colebrook-White equation or the Moody Diagram. Colebrook-White Equation The Colebrook equation is an implicit equation that combines experimental results of studies of turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipe The Colebrook equation is given as: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D)+(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f)) But the turbulent flow region (R>4000) consists of three separate regions: Turbulent flow in smooth pipes Turbulent flow in fully rough pipes Transition flow between smooth and rough pipes For turbulent flow in smooth pipes, pipe roughness has a negligible effect on the friction factor. Therefore, the friction factor in this region depends only on the Reynolds number as follows: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f) For turbulent flow in fully rough pipes, the friction factor f appears to be less dependent on the Reynolds number as the latter increases in magnitude. It depends only on the pipe roughness and diameter. It can be calculated from the following equation: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D) For the transition region between turbulent flow in smooth pipes and turbulent flow in fully rough pipes, the friction factor f is calculated using the Colebrook-White equation given above: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D)+(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f)) Moody Diagram The Colebrook equation is an implicit equation and requires trial and error method to calculate f.To provide the ease for calculating f scientists and researchers developed a graphical method known as Moody diagram.The Moody chart or Moody diagramis a graph that relates the friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe.In the diagram friction factor is plotted verses Reynolds number. The curves are plotted using the experimental data. The Moody diagram represents the complete friction factor map for laminar and all turbulent regions of pipe flows. To use the Moody diagram for determining the friction factor f we first calculate the Reynolds number R for the flow. Next, we find the location on the horizontal axis of Reynolds number for the value of R and draw a vertical line that intersects with the appropriate relative roughness (e/D) curve. From this point of intersection on the (e/D) curve, we read the value of the friction factor f on the vertical axis on the left. Other Pressure Drop Relations Hazen-Williams Equation The Hazen-Williams equation is commonly used in the design of waterdistribution lines and in the calculation of frictional pressure drop inrefined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel. This methodinvolves the use of the Hazen-Williams C-factor instead of pipe roughnessor liquid viscosity. The pressure drop calculation using the Hazen-Williams equation takes into account flow rate, pipe diameter, and specificgravity as follows: h=4.73L(Q/C)1.852/D4.87 Where, h=Head loss due to friction, ft L=Pipe length, ft D=Pipe internal diameter, ft Q=Flow rate, ft3/s C=Hazen-Williams coefficient or C-factor, dimensionless In customary pipeline units, the Hazen-Williams equation can berewritten as follows in English units: Q=0.1482(C)(D)2.63 (Pm/Sg)0.54 Where, Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. Pm=Frictional pressure drop, psi/mile Sg=Liquid specific gravity Another form of Hazen-Williams equation, when the flow rate is in gal/ min and head loss is measured in feet of liquid per thousand feet of pipe is as follows: GPM=6.7547ÃÆ'-10-3(C)(D)2.63(HL)0.54 Where, GPM=Flow rate, gal/min HL=Friction loss, ft of liquid per 1000 ft of pipe In SI units, the Hazen-Williams equation is as follows: Q=9.0379ÃÆ'-10-8(C)(D)2.63(Pkm/Sg)0.54 Where, Q=Flow rate, m3/hr D=Pipe internal diameter, mm Pkm=Frictional pressure drop, kPa/km Sg=Liquid specific gravity Shell-MIT Equation The Shell-MIT equation, sometimes called the MIT equation, is used in the calculation of pressure drop in heavy crude oil and heated liquid pipelines. Using this method, a modified Reynolds number Rm iscalculated first from the Reynolds number as follows: R=92.24(Q)/(DÃŽÂ ½) Rm=R/(7742) Where, R=Reynolds number, dimensionless Rm=Modified Reynolds number, dimensionless Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. ÃŽÂ ½=Kinematic viscosity, cSt Than depending on the flow (laminar or turbulent), the friction factor is calculated from one of the following equations: f=0.00207/Rm (laminar flow) f=0.0018+0.00662(1/Rm)0.355 (turbulent flow) Finally, the pressure drop due to friction is calculated using theequation Pm=0.241(f SgQ2)/D5 Where, Pm=Frictional pressure drop, psi/mile f=Friction factor, dimensionless Sg=Liquid specific gravity Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. In SI units the MIT equation is expressed as follows: Pm=6.2191ÃÆ'-1010(f SgQ2)/D5 Where, Pm=Frictional pressure drop, kPa/km f=Friction factor, dimensionless Sg=Liquid specific gravity Q=Flow rate, m3/hr D=Pipe internal diameter, mm